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Automatic essay grading (AEG) is a process in which machines assign a grade to an essay written in response to a topic, called the prompt. Zero-shot AEG is when we train a system to grade essays written to a new prompt which was not present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Sandeep Mathias , Rudra Murthy , Diptesh Kanojia , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Existing debiasing techniques are typically training-based or require access to the model's internals and output distributions, so they are inaccessible to end-users looking to adapt LLM outputs for their particular needs. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Shaz Furniturewala , Surgan Jandial , Abhinav Java , Pragyan Banerjee , Simra Shahid , Sumit Bhatia , Kokil Jaidka

The development in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential for redefining student assessment methodologies. This paper aims to establish the idea of the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its prospect in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Pushpalatha K S , Abhishek Mangalur , Ketan Hegde , Chetan Badachi , Mohammad Aamir

Explainability in automated student answer scoring systems is critical for building trust and enhancing usability among educators. Yet, generating high-quality assessment rationales remains challenging due to the scarcity of annotated data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiazheng Li , Artem Bobrov , Runcong Zhao , Cesare Aloisi , Yulan He

Cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) requires the system to use non target-prompt essays to award scores to a target-prompt essay. Since obtaining a large quantity of pre-graded essays to a particular prompt is often difficult and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Robert Ridley , Liang He , Xinyu Dai , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

Text-based open-ended questions in academic formative and summative assessments help students become deep learners and prepare them to understand concepts for a subsequent conceptual assessment. However, grading text-based questions,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Rujun Gao , Hillary E. Merzdorf , Saira Anwar , M. Cynthia Hipwell , Arun Srinivasa

In this paper, we present a new comparative study on automatic essay scoring (AES). The current state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) neural network architectures are used in this work to achieve above human-level accuracy on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Pedro Uria Rodriguez , Amir Jafari , Christopher M. Ormerod

Automatically evaluating the quality of dialogue responses for unstructured domains is a challenging problem. ADEM(Lowe et al. 2017) formulated the automatic evaluation of dialogue systems as a learning problem and showed that such a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Ananya B. Sai , Mithun Das Gupta , Mitesh M. Khapra , Mukundhan Srinivasan

This study investigates the use of generative AI and multi-agent systems to provide automatic feedback in educational contexts, particularly for student constructed responses in science assessments. The research addresses a key gap in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Shuchen Guo , Ehsan Latif , Yifan Zhou , Xuan Huang , Xiaoming Zhai

Providing valuable and personalized feedback is essential for effective learning, but delivering it promptly can be challenging in large-scale courses. Recent research has explored automated feedback mechanisms across various programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ricardo Brancas , Pedro Orvalho , Carolina Carreira , Vasco Manquinho , Ruben Martins

The computational treatment of arguments on controversial issues has been subject to extensive NLP research, due to its envisioned impact on opinion formation, decision making, writing education, and the like. A critical task in any such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Henning Wachsmuth , Gabriella Lapesa , Elena Cabrio , Anne Lauscher , Joonsuk Park , Eva Maria Vecchi , Serena Villata , Timon Ziegenbein

Argumentation is one of society's foundational pillars, and, sparked by advances in NLP and the vast availability of text data, automated mining of arguments receives increasing attention. A decisive property of arguments is their strength…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Michael Fromm , Max Berrendorf , Johanna Reiml , Isabelle Mayerhofer , Siddharth Bhargava , Evgeniy Faerman , Thomas Seidl

Automatically evaluating the quality of dialogue responses for unstructured domains is a challenging problem. Unfortunately, existing automatic evaluation metrics are biased and correlate very poorly with human judgements of response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-18 Ryan Lowe , Michael Noseworthy , Iulian V. Serban , Nicolas Angelard-Gontier , Yoshua Bengio , Joelle Pineau

The assessment of source code in university education is a central and important task for lecturers of programming courses. In doing so, educators are confronted with growing numbers of students having increasingly diverse prerequisites, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Clemens Sauerwein , Tobias Antensteiner , Stefan Oppl , Iris Groher , Alexander Meschtscherjakov , Philipp Zech , Ruth Breu

Automatic dialogue evaluation plays a crucial role in open-domain dialogue research. Previous works train neural networks with limited annotation for conducting automatic dialogue evaluation, which would naturally affect the evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Lu Li , Zhongheng He , Xiangyang Zhou , Dianhai Yu

In the era of MOOCs, online exams are taken by millions of candidates, where scoring short answers is an integral part. It becomes intractable to evaluate them by human graders. Thus, a generic automated system capable of grading these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Yaman Kumar , Swati Aggarwal , Debanjan Mahata , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Roger Zimmermann

Though generative dialogue modeling is widely seen as a language modeling task, the task demands an agent to have a complex natural language understanding of its input text to carry a meaningful interaction with an user. The automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Prasanna Parthasarathi , Joelle Pineau , Sarath Chandar

This study aims at improving the performance of scoring student responses in science education automatically. BERT-based language models have shown significant superiority over traditional NLP models in various language-related tasks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Zhengliang Liu , Xinyu He , Lei Liu , Tianming Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

The primary goal of this study is to analyze agentic workflows in education according to the proposed four major technological paradigms: reflection, planning, tool use, and multi-agent collaboration. We critically examine the role of AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Firuz Kamalov , David Santandreu Calonge , Linda Smail , Dilshod Azizov , Dimple R. Thadani , Theresa Kwong , Amara Atif

Background: Recently, ChatGPT and similar generative AI models have attracted hundreds of millions of users and become part of the public discourse. Many believe that such models will disrupt society and will result in a significant change…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Steffen Herbold , Annette Hautli-Janisz , Ute Heuer , Zlata Kikteva , Alexander Trautsch
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