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Research on automated essay scoring has become increasing important because it serves as a method for evaluating students' written-responses at scale. Scalable methods for scoring written responses are needed as students migrate to online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Tahereh Firoozi , Hamid Mohammadi , Mark J. Gierl

Learning argumentative writing is challenging. Besides writing fundamentals such as syntax and grammar, learners must select and arrange argument components meaningfully to create high-quality essays. To support argumentative writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Maja Stahl , Nadine Michel , Sebastian Kilsbach , Julian Schmidtke , Sara Rezat , Henning Wachsmuth

Despite growing interest in using LLMs to generate feedback on students' writing, little is known about how students respond to AI-mediated versus human-provided feedback. We address this gap through a randomized controlled trial in a large…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinyi Lu , Kexin Phyllis Ju , Mitchell Dudley , Larissa Sano , Xu Wang

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has emerged to prominence in response to the growing demand for educational automation. Providing an objective and cost-effective solution, AES standardises the assessment of extended responses. Although…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Abhirup Chakravarty

LLM-based automated scoring approaches near-human performance, but scaling to new tasks remains bottlenecked by the per-item human configuration of upstream stages such as rubric construction. Human experts bypass this bottleneck through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yun Wang , Xin Xia , Xuansheng Wu , Xiaoming Zhai , Ninghao Liu

Grading of examination papers is a hectic, time-labor intensive task and is often subjected to inefficiency and bias in checking. This research project is a primitive experiment in the automation of grading of theoretical answers written in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Rahul Kr Chauhan , Ravinder Saharan , Siddhartha Singh , Priti Sharma

Autograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Johannes Schneider , Robin Richner , Micha Riser

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) assigns scores to student essays, reducing the grading workload for instructors. Developing a scoring system capable of handling essays across diverse prompts is challenging due to the flexibility and diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhaoyi Joey Hou , Alejandro Ciuba , Xiang Lorraine Li

The ability to revise essays in response to feedback is important for students' writing success. An automated writing evaluation (AWE) system that supports students in revising their essays is thus essential. We present eRevise+RF, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhexiong Liu , Diane Litman , Elaine Wang , Tianwen Li , Mason Gobat , Lindsay Clare Matsumura , Richard Correnti

Written reflective practice is a regular exercise pre-service teachers perform during their higher education. Usually, their lecturers are expected to provide individual feedback, which can be a challenging task to perform on a regular…

BERT and its variants are extensively explored for automated scoring. However, a limit of 512 tokens for these encoder-based models showed the deficiency in automated scoring of long essays. Thus, this research explores generative language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Haowei Hua , Hong Jiao , Xinyi Wang

Automated Text Scoring (ATS) provides a cost-effective and consistent alternative to human marking. However, in order to achieve good performance, the predictive features of the system need to be manually engineered by human experts. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Dimitrios Alikaniotis , Helen Yannakoudakis , Marek Rei

Automated scoring engines are increasingly being used to score the free-form text responses that students give to questions. Such engines are not designed to appropriately deal with responses that a human reader would find alarming such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Christopher M. Ormerod , Amy E. Harris

Large language models (LLMs) enable rapid and consistent automated evaluation of open-ended exam responses, including dimensions of content and argumentation that have traditionally required human judgment. This is particularly important in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Andres Karjus , Kais Allkivi , Silvia Maine , Katarin Leppik , Krister Kruusmaa , Merilin Aruvee

Automated methods are becoming increasingly integrated into studies of formative feedback on students' science explanation writing. Most of this work, however, addresses students' responses to short answer questions. We investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Mahsa Sheikhi Karizaki , Dana Gnesdilow , Sadhana Puntambekar , Rebecca J. Passonneau

The use of question-based activities (QBAs) is wide-spread in education, traditionally forming an integral part of the learning and assessment process. In this paper, we design and evaluate an automated question generation tool for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Ayan Kumar Bhowmick , Ashish Jagmohan , Aditya Vempaty , Prasenjit Dey , Leigh Hall , Jeremy Hartman , Ravi Kokku , Hema Maheshwari

This position paper provides a critical but constructive discussion of current practices in benchmarking and evaluative practices in the field of formal reasoning and automated theorem proving. We take the position that open code, open…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Roozbeh Yousefzadeh , Xuenan Cao

We develop models to classify desirable evidence and desirable reasoning revisions in student argumentative writing. We explore two ways to improve classifier performance - using the essay context of the revision, and using the feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Tazin Afrin , Diane Litman

Formative feedback is widely recognized as one of the most effective drivers of student learning, yet it remains difficult to implement equitably at scale. In large or low-resource courses, instructors often lack the time, staffing, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Chenyu Zhang , Xiaohang Luo

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) and Automatic Essay Feedback (AEF) systems aim to reduce the workload of human raters in educational assessment. However, most existing systems prioritize numerical scoring accuracy over feedback quality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joaquín Jordán , Xavier Yin , Melissa Fabros , Gireeja Ranade , Narges Norouzi