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We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have contributed to the development of automated writing evaluation (AWE) systems that can correct grammatical errors. However, while these systems are effective at improving text, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Steven Coyne , Diana Galvan-Sosa , Ryan Spring , Camélia Guerraoui , Michael Zock , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Kentaro Inui

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in educational settings has paradoxically undermined the cognitive processes they purport to support. Students increasingly outsource critical thinking to AI assistants that generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ran Bi , Shiyao Wei , Yuanyiyi Zhou

The utilization of technology in second language learning and teaching has become ubiquitous. For the assessment of writing specifically, automated writing evaluation (AWE) and grammatical error correction (GEC) have become immensely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Izia Xiaoxiao Wang , Xihan Wu , Edith Coates , Min Zeng , Jiexin Kuang , Siliang Liu , Mengyang Qiu , Jungyeul Park

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the design and implementation of automatically generated assessment reports (AutoRs) for formative use in K-12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) classrooms. With the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ehsan Latif , Ying Chen , Xiaoming Zhai , Yue Yin

Significant progress has been made in deep-learning based Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) systems in the past two decades. However, little research has been put to understand and interpret the black-box nature of these deep-learning based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Swapnil Parekh , Yaman Kumar Singla , Changyou Chen , Junyi Jessy Li , Rajiv Ratn Shah

In recent years, the role of big data analytics has exponentially grown and is now slowly making its way into the education industry. Several attempts are being made in this sphere in order to improve the quality of education being provided…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Akash Nagaraj , Mukund Sood , Gowri Srinivasa

Automatic scoring engines have been used for scoring approximately fifteen million test-takers in just the last three years. This number is increasing further due to COVID-19 and the associated automation of education and testing. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Anubha Kabra , Mehar Bhatia , Yaman Kumar , Junyi Jessy Li , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Writing is a foundational literacy skill that underpins effective communication, fosters critical thinking, facilitates learning across disciplines, and enables individuals to organize and articulate complex ideas. Consequently, writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jiangang Hao

Intelligent tutoring systems have long enabled automated immediate feedback on student work when it is presented in a tightly structured format and when problems are very constrained, but reliably assessing free-form mathematical reasoning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Aron Gohr , Marie-Amelie Lawn , Kevin Gao , Inigo Serjeant , Stephen Heslip

Automated essay scoring plays an important role in judging students' language abilities in education. Traditional approaches use handcrafted features to score and are time-consuming and complicated. Recently, neural network approaches have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 You-Jin Jong , Yong-Jin Kim , Ok-Chol Ri

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers' essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Amber Nigam

Rigorous and interactive class discussions that support students to engage in high-level thinking and reasoning are essential to learning and are a central component of most teaching interventions. However, formally assessing discussion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Nhat Tran , Benjamin Pierce , Diane Litman , Richard Correnti , Lindsay Clare Matsumura

Interactive feedback, where feedback flows in both directions between teacher and student, is more effective than traditional one-way feedback. However, it is often too time-consuming for widespread use in educational practice. While Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Shengxin Hong , Chang Cai , Sixuan Du , Haiyue Feng , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

Automated essay scoring (AES) involves predicting a score that reflects the writing quality of an essay. Most existing AES systems produce only a single overall score. However, users and L2 learners expect scores across different dimensions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Kun Sun , Rong Wang

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

The use of argumentation in education has been shown to improve critical thinking skills for end-users such as students, and computational models for argumentation have been developed to assist in this process. Although these models are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Camélia Guerraoui , Paul Reisert , Naoya Inoue , Farjana Sultana Mim , Shoichi Naito , Jungmin Choi , Irfan Robbani , Wenzhi Wang , Kentaro Inui

The objective of this study is to improve automated feedback tools designed for English Language Learners (ELLs) through the utilization of data science techniques encompassing machine learning, natural language processing, and educational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Jiaxin Huang , Xinyu Zhao , Chang Che , Qunwei Lin , Bo Liu

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the most revolutionary technologies today. It uses artificial intelligence to understand human text and spoken words. It is used for text summarization, grammar checking, sentiment analysis, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 G. M. Refatul Islam , Safwan Shaheer , Yaseen Nur , Mohammad Rafid Hamid

This paper introduces a novel perspective on the automated essay scoring (AES) task, challenging the conventional view of the ASAP dataset as a static entity. Employing simple text denoising techniques using prompting, we explore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Jungyeul Park , Mengyang Qiu