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The term Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the (semi-)automatic generation of game content by algorithmic means, and its methods are becoming increasingly popular in game-oriented research and industry. A special class of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Vanessa Volz , Boris Naujoks , Pascal Kerschke , Tea Tusar

This survey explores Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML), defined as the generation of game content using machine learning models trained on existing content. As the importance of PCG for game development increases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Adam Summerville , Sam Snodgrass , Matthew Guzdial , Christoffer Holmgård , Amy K. Hoover , Aaron Isaksen , Andy Nealen , Julian Togelius

Self-driving software pipelines include components that are learned from a significant number of training examples, yet it remains challenging to evaluate the overall system's safety and generalization performance. Together with scaling up…

Two-stage stochastic programs (2SPs) are important tools for making decisions under uncertainty. Decision-makers use contextual information to generate a set of scenarios to represent the true conditional distribution. However, the number…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-11 David Islip , Roy H. Kwon , Sanghyeon Bae , Woo Chang Kim

Validating the safety of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) operating in open-ended, dynamic environments is challenging as vehicles will eventually encounter safety-critical situations for which there is not representative training data. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Enrik Maci , Rhys Howard , Lars Kunze

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Runze Yuan , Wei Lu , Xinyi Gong , Shuo Feng

In order to find the most likely failure scenarios which may occur under certain given operation domain, critical-scenario-based test is supposed as an effective and widely used method, which gives suggestions for designers to improve the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yizhou Xie , Kunpeng Dai , Yong Zhang

Extracting interesting scenarios from real-world data as well as generating failure cases is important for the development and testing of autonomous systems. We propose efficient mechanisms to both characterize and generate testing…

We present ChatScene, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based agent that leverages the capabilities of LLMs to generate safety-critical scenarios for autonomous vehicles. Given unstructured language instructions, the agent first generates…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jiawei Zhang , Chejian Xu , Bo Li

The core objective of this study is to address the perception challenges faced by autonomous driving in adverse environments like basements. Initially, this paper commences with data collection in an underground garage. A simulated…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Shijie Wang

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) offers a method for training controllable level designer agents without the need for human datasets, using metrics that serve as proxies for level quality as rewards. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Eugene Vinitsky , Julian Togelius

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to lower the accident rate when compared to human driving. Moreover, it is the driving force of the automated vehicles' rapid development over the last few years. In the higher Society of Automotive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Julie Stephany Berrio , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

This article summarizes the research progress of scenario-based testing and development technology for autonomous vehicles. We systematically analyzed previous research works and proposed the definition of scenario, the elements of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Xiaoyi Li

Synthesizing free-view photo-realistic images is an important task in multimedia. With the development of advanced driver assistance systems~(ADAS) and their applications in autonomous vehicles, experimenting with different scenarios…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Zhuopeng Li , Lu Li , Zeyu Ma , Ping Zhang , Junbo Chen , Jianke Zhu

For the offline safety assessment of automated vehicles, the most challenging and critical scenarios must be identified efficiently. Therefore, we present a new approach to define challenging scenarios based on a sensor setup model of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Thomas Ponn , Thomas Lanz , Frank Diermeyer

Corner case scenarios are an essential tool for testing and validating the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs). As these scenarios are often insufficiently present in naturalistic driving datasets, augmenting the data with synthetic corner…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-07 George Drayson , Efimia Panagiotaki , Daniel Omeiza , Lars Kunze

For autonomous vehicles, safe navigation in complex environments depends on handling a broad range of diverse and rare driving scenarios. Simulation- and scenario-based testing have emerged as key approaches to development and validation of…

Search-based procedural content generation (PCG) is a well-known method for level generation in games. Its key advantage is that it is generic and able to satisfy functional constraints. However, due to the heavy computational costs to run…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Ahmed Khalifa , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

Establishing trustworthy safety assurance for autonomous driving systems (ADSs) requires evidence that failures arise from avoidable system deficiencies rather than unavoidable traffic conflicts. Current adversarial simulation methods can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yizhuo Xiao , Haotian Yan , Ying Wang , Zhongpan Zhu , Yuxin Zhang , Xintao Yan , Mustafa Suphi Erden , Cheng Wang

Testing scenario library generation (TSLG) is a critical step for the development and deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). In Part I of this study, a general methodology for TSLG is proposed, and theoretical properties are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Shuo Feng , Yiheng Feng , Haowei Sun , Shao Bao , Yi Zhang , Henry X. Liu