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Collecting audio-text pairs is expensive; however, it is much easier to access text-only data. Unless using shallow fusion, end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) models require architecture modifications or additional training…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-10 Emiru Tsunoo , Hayato Futami , Yosuke Kashiwagi , Siddhant Arora , Shinji Watanabe

Large language models (LLMs), renowned for their powerful conversational abilities, are widely recognized as exceptional tools in the field of education, particularly in the context of automated intelligent instruction systems for language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kaiqi Fu , Linkai Peng , Nan Yang , Shuran Zhou

Decoder-only large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in text generation and reasoning. Nonetheless, they have limited applications in simultaneous machine translation (SiMT), currently dominated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Roman Koshkin , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

LLM-based automatic speech recognition models demonstrate strong performance by connecting audio encoders and LLMs. However, data scarcity of paired speech and transcription often hinders their adaptation to new domains, making text-only…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ryo Magoshi , Takashi Maekaku , Yusuke Shinohara

Connecting audio encoders with large language models (LLMs) allows the LLM to perform various audio understanding tasks, such as automatic speech recognition (ASR) and audio captioning (AC). Most research focuses on training an adapter…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Weiqiao Shan , Yuang Li , Yuhao Zhang , Yingfeng Luo , Chen Xu , Xiaofeng Zhao , Long Meng , Yunfei Lu , Min Zhang , Hao Yang , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Recent large language model (LLM) research has undergone an architectural shift from encoder-decoder modeling to nowadays the dominant decoder-only modeling. This rapid transition, however, comes without a rigorous comparative analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Biao Zhang , Yong Cheng , Siamak Shakeri , Xinyi Wang , Min Ma , Orhan Firat

Both text-to-image generation and large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements. However, many text-to-image models still employ the somewhat outdated T5 and CLIP as their text encoders. In this work, we investigate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Andrew Z. Wang , Songwei Ge , Tero Karras , Ming-Yu Liu , Yogesh Balaji

Speech understanding is essential for interpreting the diverse forms of information embedded in spoken language, including linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistic cues that are vital for effective human-computer interaction. The…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Jing Peng , Yucheng Wang , Bohan Li , Yiwei Guo , Hankun Wang , Yangui Fang , Yu Xi , Haoyu Li , Xu Li , Ke Zhang , Shuai Wang , Kai Yu

The field of neural machine translation (NMT) has changed with the advent of large language models (LLMs). Much of the recent emphasis in natural language processing (NLP) has been on modeling machine translation and many other problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yingfeng Luo , Tong Zheng , Yongyu Mu , Bei Li , Qinghong Zhang , Yongqi Gao , Ziqiang Xu , Peinan Feng , Xiaoqian Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on text-only data that go far beyond the languages with paired speech and text data. At the same time, Dual Encoder (DE) based retrieval systems project queries and documents into the same embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Frank Palma Gomez , Ramon Sanabria , Yun-hsuan Sung , Daniel Cer , Siddharth Dalmia , Gustavo Hernandez Abrego

As Large Language Models (LLMs) expand beyond text, integrating speech as a native modality has given rise to SpeechLLMs, which directly process spoken language and enable speech-to-text translation (ST) and other downstream tasks,…

This paper explores the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems to improve transcription accuracy. The increasing sophistication of LLMs, with their in-context learning capabilities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zeping Min , Jinbo Wang

Large language models (LLMs) provide strong semantic priors that can improve multi-talker automatic speech recognition (MT-ASR), but using an LLM as an autoregressive decoder is computationally expensive and remains fragile under heavy…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Hao Shi , Yusuke Fujita , Roman Koshkin , Mengjie Zhao , Yuan Gao , Lianbo Liu , Yui Sudo

In this work, we introduce a framework for speech summarization that leverages the processing and reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). We propose an end-to-end system that combines an instruction-tuned LLM with an audio…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-16 Wonjune Kang , Deb Roy

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) with impressive performance across various text-based tasks. However, the extension of text-dominant LLMs to with speech generation tasks remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Maohao Shen , Shun Zhang , Jilong Wu , Zhiping Xiu , Ehab AlBadawy , Yiting Lu , Mike Seltzer , Qing He

Large decoder-only language models (LLMs) are the state-of-the-art models on most of today's NLP tasks and benchmarks. Yet, the community is only slowly adopting these models for text embedding tasks, which require rich contextualized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Parishad BehnamGhader , Vaibhav Adlakha , Marius Mosbach , Dzmitry Bahdanau , Nicolas Chapados , Siva Reddy

Decoder-only language models (LMs) have been successfully adopted for speech-processing tasks including automatic speech recognition (ASR). The LMs have ample expressiveness and perform efficiently. This efficiency is a suitable…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-02 Emiru Tsunoo , Hayato Futami , Yosuke Kashiwagi , Siddhant Arora , Shinji Watanabe

Decoder-based transformers, while revolutionizing language modeling and scaling to immense sizes, have not completely overtaken encoder-heavy architectures in natural language processing. Specifically, encoder-only models remain dominant in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Paul Suganthan , Fedor Moiseev , Le Yan , Junru Wu , Jianmo Ni , Jay Han , Imed Zitouni , Enrique Alfonseca , Xuanhui Wang , Zhe Dong

Large Audio Language Models (LALM) combine the audio perception models and the Large Language Models (LLM) and show a remarkable ability to reason about the input audio, infer the meaning, and understand the intent. However, these systems…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Saurabhchand Bhati , Yuan Gong , Leonid Karlinsky , Hilde Kuehne , Rogerio Feris , James Glass

Mapping speech tokens to the same feature space as text tokens has become the paradigm for the integration of speech modality into decoder-only large language models (LLMs). An alternative approach is to use an encoder-decoder architecture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yuang Li , Jiawei Yu , Min Zhang , Mengxin Ren , Yanqing Zhao , Xiaofeng Zhao , Shimin Tao , Jinsong Su , Hao Yang