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Instruction Fine-Tuning enhances pre-trained language models from basic next-word prediction to complex instruction-following. However, existing One-off Instruction Fine-Tuning (One-off IFT) method, applied on a diverse instruction, may not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Wei Pang , Chuan Zhou , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Xiaojie Wang

The Instruction Following (IF) ability measures how well Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) understand exactly what users are telling them and whether they are doing it right. Existing multimodal instruction following training data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shengyuan Ding , Shenxi Wu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yuhang Zang , Haodong Duan , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Yuhang Cao , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Instruction Fine-tuning~(IFT) is a critical phase in building large language models~(LLMs). Previous works mainly focus on the IFT's role in the transfer of behavioral norms and the learning of additional world knowledge. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Mengjie Ren , Boxi Cao , Hongyu Lin , Cao Liu , Xianpei Han , Ke Zeng , Guanglu Wan , Xunliang Cai , Le Sun

Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) is a powerful paradigm that strengthens the zero-shot capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but in doing so induces new evaluation metric requirements. We show LLM-based metrics to be well adapted to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Manuel Faysse , Gautier Viaud , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo

This paper surveys research works in the quickly advancing field of instruction tuning (IT), which can also be referred to as supervised fine-tuning (SFT)\footnote{In this paper, unless specified otherwise, supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shengyu Zhang , Linfeng Dong , Xiaoya Li , Sen Zhang , Xiaofei Sun , Shuhe Wang , Jiwei Li , Runyi Hu , Tianwei Zhang , Fei Wu , Guoyin Wang

Evaluating instruction following capabilities for multimodal, multi-turn dialogue is challenging. With potentially multiple instructions in the input model context, the task is time-consuming for human raters and we show LLM based judges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Elliot L. Epstein , Kaisheng Yao , Jing Li , Xinyi Bai , Hamid Palangi

Instruction tuning is now the default way to train and adapt large language models, but many instruction--input--output pairs are only weakly specified: for a given input, the same output can remain plausible under several alternative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Pritam Kadasi , Abhishek Upperwal , Mayank Singh

Instruction tuning plays a crucial role in shaping the outputs of language models (LMs) to desired styles. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective method, Instruction Modelling (IM), which trains LMs by applying a loss function to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zhengyan Shi , Adam X. Yang , Bin Wu , Laurence Aitchison , Emine Yilmaz , Aldo Lipani

Production-grade LLM systems require robust adherence to dozens or even hundreds of instructions simultaneously. However, the instruction-following capabilities of LLMs at high instruction densities have not yet been characterized, as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Daniel Jaroslawicz , Brendan Whiting , Parth Shah , Karime Maamari

Following multiple instructions is a crucial ability for large language models (LLMs). Evaluating this ability comes with significant challenges: (i) limited coherence between multiple instructions, (ii) positional bias where the order of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Xinyi Chen , Baohao Liao , Jirui Qi , Panagiotis Eustratiadis , Christof Monz , Arianna Bisazza , Maarten de Rijke

Instruction-following is a fundamental ability of Large Language Models (LLMs), requiring their generated outputs to follow multiple constraints imposed in input instructions. Numerous studies have attempted to enhance this ability through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Bosi Wen , Yilin Niu , Cunxiang Wang , Pei Ke , Xiaoying Ling , Ying Zhang , Aohan Zeng , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Instruction fine-tuning (IFT) elicits instruction following capabilities and steers the behavior of large language models (LLMs) via supervised learning. However, existing models trained on open-source IFT datasets only have the ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Kuan Wang , Alexander Bukharin , Haoming Jiang , Qingyu Yin , Zhengyang Wang , Tuo Zhao , Jingbo Shang , Chao Zhang , Bing Yin , Xian Li , Jianshu Chen , Shiyang Li

One of the key strengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) is their ability to interact with humans by generating appropriate responses to given instructions. This ability, known as instruction-following capability, has established a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Hyeonseok Moon , Jaehyung Seo , Seungyoon Lee , Chanjun Park , Heuiseok Lim

Instruction following is a core capability of modern Large language models (LLMs), making evaluating this capability essential to understanding these models. The Instruction Following Evaluation (IFEval) benchmark from the literature does…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Antoine Dussolle , Andrea Cardeña Díaz , Shota Sato , Peter Devine

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, where instruction tuning is the critical step in aligning LLMs with user intentions. In this work, we investigate how the instruction tuning adjusts pre-trained models with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Xuansheng Wu , Wenlin Yao , Jianshu Chen , Xiaoman Pan , Xiaoyang Wang , Ninghao Liu , Dong Yu

Instruction-following is a foundational capability of large language models (LLMs), with its improvement hinging on scalable and accurate feedback from judge models. However, the reliability of current judge models in instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Bosi Wen , Yilin Niu , Cunxiang Wang , Xiaoying Ling , Ying Zhang , Pei Ke , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

We introduce Speech-IFeval, an evaluation framework designed to assess instruction-following capabilities and quantify catastrophic forgetting in speech-aware language models (SLMs). Recent SLMs integrate speech perception with large…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-27 Ke-Han Lu , Chun-Yi Kuan , Hung-yi Lee

Instruction tuning commonly means finetuning a language model on instruction-response pairs. We discover two forms of adaptation (tuning) that are deficient compared to instruction tuning, yet still yield instruction following; we call this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 John Hewitt , Nelson F. Liu , Percy Liang , Christopher D. Manning

Language models are trained to follow instructions, but they are also powerful pattern completers. What happens when these two objectives conflict? We construct conversations in which a user instruction to behave in a target way T (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Carolina Camassa , Derek Shiller

Instruct models, obtained from various instruction tuning or post-training steps, are commonly deemed superior and more usable than their base counterpart. While the model gains instruction following ability, instruction tuning may lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ozan İrsoy , Pengxiang Cheng , Jennifer L. Chen , Daniel Preoţiuc-Pietro , Shiyue Zhang , Duccio Pappadopulo
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