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Neural machine translation (NMT) typically adopts the encoder-decoder framework. A good understanding of the characteristics and functionalities of the encoder and decoder can help to explain the pros and cons of the framework, and design…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Tianyu He , Xu Tan , Tao Qin

Efficient high-performance decoding of topological stabilizer codes has the potential to crucially improve the balance between logical failure rates and the number and individual error rates of the constituent qubits. High-threshold…

Tensor decompositions have been successfully applied to compress neural networks. The compression algorithms using tensor decompositions commonly minimize the approximation error on the weights. Recent work assumes the approximation error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Jetze T. Schuurmans , Kim Batselier , Julian F. P. Kooij

Designing a practical, low complexity, close to optimal, channel decoder for powerful algebraic codes with short to moderate block length is an open research problem. Recently it has been shown that a feed-forward neural network…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Eliya Nachmani , Elad Marciano , David Burshtein , Yair Be'ery

Quantum computing is poised to solve practically useful problems which are computationally intractable for classical supercomputers. However, the current generation of quantum computers are limited by errors that may only partially be…

To avoid prohibitive overheads in performing fault-tolerant quantum computation, the decoding problem needs to be solved accurately and at speeds sufficient for fast feedback. Existing decoding systems fail to satisfy both of these…

Active quantum error correction is a central ingredient to achieve robust quantum processors. In this paper we investigate the potential of quantum machine learning for quantum error correction in a quantum memory. Specifically, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-15 David F. Locher , Lorenzo Cardarelli , Markus Müller

The surface code is one of the most popular quantum error correction codes. It comes with efficient decoders, such as the Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) decoder and the Union-Find (UF) decoder, allowing for fast quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-28 Nicolas Delfosse , Adam Paetznick , Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings

All utility-scale quantum computers will require some form of Quantum Error Correction in which logical qubits are encoded in a larger number of physical qubits. One promising encoding is known as the colour code which has broad…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Mark Walters , Mark L. Turner

Despite the progress in machine translation quality estimation and evaluation in the last years, decoding in neural machine translation (NMT) is mostly oblivious to this and centers around finding the most probable translation according to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Patrick Fernandes , António Farinhas , Ricardo Rei , José G. C. de Souza , Perez Ogayo , Graham Neubig , André F. T. Martins

Threshold estimation is central to fault-tolerant quantum computing, but the reported threshold depends not only on the code and noise model, but also on the decoder used to interpret syndrome data. We study this dependence for surface-code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Dennis Delali Kwesi Wayo , Chinonso Onah , Leonardo Goliatt , Sven Groppe

The problem of maximum likelihood decoding with a neural decoder for error-correcting code is considered. It is shown that the neural decoder can be improved with two novel loss terms on the node's activations. The first loss term imposes a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Eliya Nachmani , Yair Be'ery

Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet its effectiveness hinges critically on the classical decoding algorithm that interprets noisy syndrome measurements. Among all possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Hanyan Cao , Ge Yan , Yuxuan Du , Feng Pan

The overheads of classical decoding for quantum error correction on superconducting quantum systems grow rapidly with the number of logical qubits and their correction code distance. Decoding at room temperature is bottle-necked by…

In this paper, we focus on the demodulation/decoding of the complex modulations/codes that approach the Shannon capacity. Theoretically, the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm can achieve the optimal error performance whereas it has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Boxiang He , Zitao Wu , Fanggang Wang

Practical large-scale quantum computation requires both efficient error correction and robust implementation of logical operations. Three-dimensional (3D) color codes are a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Friederike Butt , Lars Esser , Markus Müller

Neural-network (NN) based decoders are becoming increasingly popular in the field of quantum error correction (QEC), including for decoding of state-of-the-art quantum computation experiments. In this work, we make use of established…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Lukas Bödeker , Luc J. B. Kusters , Markus Müller

Real quantum computers will be subject to complicated, qubit-dependent noise, instead of simple noise such as depolarizing noise with the same strength for all qubits. We can do quantum error correction more effectively if our decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-20 Alex Fischer , Akimasa Miyake

In this paper we investigate the role of local information in the decoding of the repetition and surface error correction codes for the protection of quantum states. Our key result is an improvement in resource efficiency when local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Michael Hanks , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

We show that a simple modification of the surface code can exhibit an enormous gain in the error correction threshold for a noise model in which Pauli Z errors occur more frequently than X or Y errors. Such biased noise, where dephasing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 David K. Tuckett , Stephen D. Bartlett , Steven T. Flammia