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In the era of mega-constellations, the need for accurate and publicly available information has become fundamental for satellite operators to guarantee the safety of spacecrafts and the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space environment. This study…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-14 Katarina Dyreby , Francisco Caldas , Cláudia Soares

Large low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks such as SpaceX's Starlink constellation promise to deliver low-latency, high-bandwidth Internet access with global coverage. As an alternative to terrestrial fiber as a global Internet…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Tobias Pfandzelter , David Bermbach

Unlike in terrestrial cellular networks, certain frequency bands for low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have thus far been allocated on a non-exclusive basis. In this context, systems that launch their satellites earlier (referred to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Jeong Min Kong , Eunsun Kim , Ian P. Roberts

In the last few years, considerable research efforts have focused on measuring and improving Starlink network performance, especially for user terminals (UTs) in stationary scenarios. However, the performance of Starlink networks in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jinwei Zhao , Jack Baude , Ali Ahangarpour , Vaibhava Krishna Devulapalli , Sree Ganesh Lalitaditya Divakarla , Zhi-Li Zhang , Jianping Pan

In all networking systems, queuing is important to ensure appropriate resource utilization in the presence of bursty traffic and varying traffic demands. The Starlink access network is additionally also dynamic in terms of the capacity it…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Johan Garcia , Simon Sundberg , Anna Brunstrom

Dense satellite constellations recently emerged as a prominent solution to complementing terrestrial networks in attaining true global coverage. As such, analytic optimization techniques can be adopted to rapidly maximize the benefits of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Bassel Al Homssi , Akram Al-Hourani

The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve truly global connectivity. A distinctive characteristic of LEO mega constellations is that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Fabio Saggese , Lintao Li , Petar Popovski

In recent years, there has been increasing investment in the deployment of massive commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations to provide global Internet connectivity. These constellations, now equipped with inter-satellite links, can…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Miguel Rodríguez-Pérez , Sergio Herrería-Alonso , J. Carlos Lopez-Ardao , Andrés Suárez-González

Operating Earth observing satellites requires efficient planning methods that coordinate activities of multiple spacecraft. The satellite task planning problem entails selecting actions that best satisfy mission objectives for autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Duncan Eddy , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

To mitigate inter-satellite interference and payload limits in LEO mega-constellations, satellite clusters, groups of small cooperative satellites have been proposed to improve performance and reduce interference. The typical configuration…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Juanjuan Ru , Ruibo Wang , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Future integrated terrestrial, aerial, and space networks will involve thousands of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites forming a network of mega-constellations, which will play a significant role in providing communication and Internet…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Tasneem Darwish , Gunes Kurt , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Guillaume Lamontagne , Michel Bellemare

Starlink is a low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation operated by Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) which aims to provide global satellite internet access. Thus far, most photometric observations of Starlink satellites…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-08 Grace Halferty , Vishnu Reddy , Tanner Campbell , Adam Battle , Roberto Furfaro

In this paper, we present an open-source measurement platform designed to characterize the performance of commercial cellular (Verizon, a major US provider) and LEO satellite (Starlink) networks through real-world flight tests in rural…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Sravan Reddy Chintareddy , Sherwan Jalal Abdullah , Justin D. Clough , Victor S. Frost , Shawn Keshmiri , Morteza Hashemi

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellations (e.g., Starlink) are becoming a necessary component of future Internet. There have been increasing studies on LEO satellite networking. It is a crucial problem how to evaluate these studies in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wenhao Lu , Zhiyuan Wang , Hefan Zhang , Shan Zhang , Hongbin Luo

Laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) of low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations enable high-capacity backbone connectivity in non-terrestrial networks, but their management is challenged by limited laser communication terminals, mechanical…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Zhouyou Gu , Jinho Choi , Tony Q. S. Quek , Jihong Park

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are emerging as an essential communication infrastructure, with standardized 5G-based non-terrestrial networks and their integration with terrestrial systems envisioned as a key feature of 6G.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Andreas Casparsen , Jonas Ellegaard Jakobsen , Jimmy Jessen Nielsen , Petar Popovski , Israel Leyva Mayorga

Existing analyses of ergodic capacity in satellite mega-constellations often rely on restrictive serving time assumptions or become intractable under realistic handover strategies. This paper develops a framework for characterising the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Brendon McBain , Yi Hong , Emanuele Viterbo

The structure and routing architecture design is critical for achieving low latency and high capacity in future LEO space networks (SNs). Existing studies mainly focus on topologies of space networks, but there is a lack of analysis on…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xiangtong Wang , Menglong Yang , Songchen Han , Wei Li

This paper investigates the maximum achievable downlink spectral efficiency of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Spectral efficiency is defined here as the total network sum rate per unit bandwidth per unit area of Earth's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Cuneyd Ozturk , Dongning Guo , Randall A. Berry , Michael L. Honig

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation satellite networks have shown great potential to extend the coverage capability of conventional terrestrial networks. How to systematically define, quantify, and assess the technical performance of…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Yu Wang , Chuili Kong , Xian Meng , Hejia Luo , Ke-Xin Li , Jun Wang