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For the first time, the expected stochastic gravitational wave background is probably discovered after observing the Hellings Downs correlation curve by several pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations around the globe including NANOGrav,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-02-14 Siyu Jiang , Aidi Yang , Jiucheng Ma , Fa Peng Huang

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have entered a new era with evidence for a nanoHertz gravitational wave background (GWB). This review describes the physics of detection, detailing the noise models and cross-correlation techniques…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-01 C. M. F. Mingarelli , J. A. Casey-Clyde , Y. T. Chang , E. Eisenberg , F. Hutchison , N. Khusid , B. Larsen , A. Moran , F. Semenzato , L. Willson , Q. Zheng

Several pulsar-timing array (PTA) collaborations are finding tantalising hints for a stochastic gravitational wave background signal in the nano-Hertz regime. So far, though, no convincing evidence for the expected Hellings-Downs…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-20 Gianmassimo Tasinato

Recent pulsar timing array results, including the NANOGrav 15-year data set, show evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band. We present a Bayesian framework to compare three possible origins: (i) a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mengshen Wang , Zuocheng Zhang , Hua Xu

Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in North America, Australia, and Europe, have been exploiting the exquisite timing precision of millisecond pulsars over decades of observations to search for correlated timing deviations induced by…

The past decade has been a transformative period for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and their search for nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs). This progress has been driven by collective advances in instrumentation for pulsar timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-17 Kuo Liu , Siyuan Chen

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) provide a way to detect gravitational waves (GWs) at nanohertz frequencies. To ensure the detection of GWs, observational data must exhibit the Hellings-Downs angular correlation. It is also known that PTAs can…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-25 Hidetoshi Omiya , Kimihiro Nomura , Jiro Soda

In the summer of 2023, the pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) announced a compelling evidence for the existence of a nanohertz stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). Despite this breakthrough, however, several critical questions remain…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-16 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

Pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments have recently provided strong evidence for the signal of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nHz-frequency band. These experiments have shown a statistical preference for the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-18 Rubén Arjona , Savvas Nesseris , Sachiko Kuroyanagi

Arrays of precisely-timed millisecond pulsars are used to search for gravitational waves with periods of months to decades. Gravitational waves affect the path of radio pulses propagating from a pulsar to Earth, causing the arrival times of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-13 Stephen R. Taylor

Very recently, several pulsar timing array collaborations, including CPTA, EPTA, and NANOGrav, reported their results from searches for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), with each finding positive evidence for…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-06 Ligong Bian , Shuailiang Ge , Jing Shu , Bo Wang , Xing-Yu Yang , Junchao Zong

We explore the potential of Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) such as NANOGrav, EPTA, and PPTA to detect the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) in theories of massive gravity. In General Relativity, the function describing the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 Qiuyue Liang , Mark Trodden

Pulsar timing-array correlation measurements offer an exciting opportunity to test the nature of gravity in the cosmologically novel nanohertz gravitational wave regime. The stochastic gravitational wave background is assumed Gaussian and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-23 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

The recent astronomical milestone by the pulsar timing arrays (PTA) has revealed galactic-size gravitational waves (GW) in the form of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), correlating the radio pulses emitted by millisecond…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-08 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

The recent observations by pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments suggest the existence of stochastic gravitational wave background in the nano-Hz range. It can be a hint for the new physics and cosmic string is one of the promising…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-07-03 Naoya Kitajima , Kazunori Nakayama

The pulsar timings are sensitive to both the nanohertz gravitational-wave background and the oscillation of ultralight dark matter. The Hellings-Downs angular correlation curve provides a criterion to search for stochastic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-14 Rong-Gen Cai , Jing-Rui Zhang , Yun-Long Zhang

The recent detection of a gravitational wave background in the nano-Hertz frequency range by Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations, including NANOGrav, EPTA, and PPTA, has opened a new avenue for exploring fundamental physics in the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-17 Jinzheng Li , Pran Nath

The NANOGrav collaboration has recently observed first evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB) in pulsar timing data. Here we explore the possibility that this GWB is due to new physics, and show that the signal can be well fit…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-12 Wolfram Ratzinger , Pedro Schwaller

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will enable the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from a population of supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) in the next $\sim 3-7$ years. In addition, PTAs provide a rare opportunity to probe…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-07-12 Xavier Siemens , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Paul T. Baker , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Dustin Madison , Chiara Mingarelli , Joseph Simon , Tristan Smith

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations have recently gathered substantial evidence for the existence of a gravitational wave background in the nHz frequency band. Searching for anisotropies in this signal is key to determining its origin,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-02 Paul Frederik Depta , Valerie Domcke , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni
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