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Histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis with deep learning has become a research focus in computational pathology. The current paradigm is mainly based on multiple instance learning (MIL), in which approaches with Transformer as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hongbo Chu , Qiehe Sun , Jiawen Li , Yuxuan Chen , Lizhong Zhang , Tian Guan , Anjia Han , Yonghong He

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

For classifying digital whole slide images in the absence of pixel level annotation, typically multiple instance learning methods are applied. Due to the generic applicability, such methods are currently of very high interest in the…

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification in computational pathology is commonly formulated as slide-level Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) with a single global bag representation. However, slide-level MIL is fundamentally underconstrained:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Syed Fahim Ahmed , Gnanesh Rasineni , Florian Koehler , Abu Zahid Bin Aziz , Mei Wang , Attila Gyulassy , Brian Summa , J. Quincy Brown , Valerio Pascucci , Shireen Y. Elhabian

While Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has shown promising results in digital Pathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, such a paradigm still faces performance and generalization problems due to challenges in high computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Honglin Li , Chenglu Zhu , Yunlong Zhang , Yuxuan Sun , Zhongyi Shui , Wenwei Kuang , Sunyi Zheng , Lin Yang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has become the predominant approach for classification tasks on gigapixel histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). Within the MIL framework, single WSIs (bags) are decomposed into patches (instances), with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Daniel Sens , Ario Sadafi , Francesco Paolo Casale , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr

Classification of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is an important prediction task in the emerging area of computational pathology. There has been a surge of research in deep learning models for WSI classification with clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Sajid Javed , Arif Mahmood , Talha Qaiser , Naoufel Werghi , Nasir Rajpoot

Computer-aided Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification has the potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of clinical pathological diagnosis. It is commonly formulated as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem, where each WSI is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Linhao Qu , Shiman Li , Xiaoyuan Luo , Shaolei Liu , Qinhao Guo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis, offering effective learning with limited annotations. However, existing MIL frameworks overlook diagnostic priorities and fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Sungrae Hong , Jiwon Jeong , Jisu Shin , Donghee Han , Sol Lee , Kyungeun Kim , Mun Yong Yi

Histopathology image analysis is the golden standard of clinical diagnosis for Cancers. In doctors daily routine and computer-aided diagnosis, the Whole Slide Image (WSI) of histopathology tissue is used for analysis. Because of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Honglin Li , Yunlong Zhang , Chenglu Zhu , Jiatong Cai , Sunyi Zheng , Lin Yang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology often neglects instance-level learning as supervision is typically provided only at the bag level, hindering the integrated consideration of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Shuyang Wu , Yifu Qiu , Ines P. Nearchou , Sandrine Prost , Jonathan A. Fallowfield , Hideki Ueno , Hitoshi Tsuda , David J. Harrison , Hakan Bilen , Timothy J. Kendall

Mixup has become a popular augmentation strategy for image classification, yet its naive pixel-wise interpolation often produces unrealistic images that can hinder learning, particularly in high-stakes medical applications. We propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Hugo Carlesso , Maria Eliza Patulea , Moncef Garouani , Radu Tudor Ionescu , Josiane Mothe

Multiple instance learning (MIL) significantly reduced annotation costs via bag-level weak labels for large-scale images, such as histopathological whole slide images (WSIs). However, its adaptability to continual tasks with minimal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Byung Hyun Lee , Wongi Jeong , Woojae Han , Kyoungbun Lee , Se Young Chun

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) is a challenging task given that only bag-level labels are provided, while each bag typically contains multiple instances. This topic has been extensively studied in histopathological image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Bodong Zhang , Hamid Manoochehri , Xiwen Li , Beatrice S. Knudsen , Tolga Tasdizen

Mixup data augmentation approaches have been applied for various tasks of deep learning to improve the generalization ability of deep neural networks. Some existing approaches CutMix, SaliencyMix, etc. randomly replace a patch in one image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Huafeng Qin , Xin Jin , Hongyu Zhu , Hongchao Liao , Mounîm A. El-Yacoubi , Xinbo Gao

While multiple instance learning (MIL) has shown to be a promising approach for histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis, its reliance on permutation invariance significantly limits its capacity to effectively uncover semantic…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-14 Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Wenhui Zhu , Hao Wang , Huayu Li , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiaotong Sun , Xiaobing Yu , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi , Aristeidis Sotiras

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a key algorithm for classification of whole slide images (WSI). Histology WSIs can have billions of pixels, which create enormous computational and annotation challenges. Typically, such images are…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-03 Andriy Myronenko , Ziyue Xu , Dong Yang , Holger Roth , Daguang Xu

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification has very significant applications in clinical pathology, e.g., tumor identification and cancer diagnosis. Currently, most research attention is focused on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) using static…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Jiaxiang Gou , Luping Ji , Pei Liu , Mao Ye

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been extensively applied to whole slide histopathology image (WSI) analysis. The existing aggregation strategy in MIL, which primarily relies on the first-order distance (e.g., mean difference) between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yihang Chen , Tsai Hor Chan , Guosheng Yin , Yuming Jiang , Lequan Yu