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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer promising energy efficiency advantages, particularly when processing sparse spike trains. However, their incompatibility with traditional datasets, which consist of batches of input vectors rather than…

Emulating spiking neural networks on analog neuromorphic hardware offers several advantages over simulating them on conventional computers, particularly in terms of speed and energy consumption. However, this usually comes at the cost of…

Inspired by biological processes, neuromorphic computing leverages spiking neural networks (SNNs) to perform inference tasks, offering significant efficiency gains for workloads involving sequential data. Recent advances in hardware and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Dengyu Wu , Jiechen Chen , Bipin Rajendran , H. Vincent Poor , Osvaldo Simeone

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are promising candidates for low-power edge computing in domains such as wearable sensing and time-series analysis. A key neuronal parameter, the leaky time constant (LTC), governs temporal integration of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Chiu-Chang Cheng , Kapil Bhardwaj , Ya-Ning Chang , Sayani Majumdar , Chao-Hung Wang

Temporal Neural Networks (TNNs), a special class of spiking neural networks, draw inspiration from the neocortex in utilizing spike-timings for information processing. Recent works proposed a microarchitecture framework and custom macro…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Prabhu Vellaisamy , Harideep Nair , Vamsikrishna Ratnakaram , Dhruv Gupta , John Paul Shen

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising in a bio-plausible coding for spatio-temporal information and event-driven signal processing, which is very suited for energy-efficient implementation in neuromorphic hardware. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Hanle Zheng , Yujie Wu , Lei Deng , Yifan Hu , Guoqi Li

Neuromorphic data carries information in spatio-temporal patterns encoded by spikes. Accordingly, a central problem in neuromorphic computing is training spiking neural networks (SNNs) to reproduce spatio-temporal spiking patterns in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Bleema Rosenfeld , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN). SNNs are based on a more biologically inspired approach than usual artificial neural networks. Such models are characterized by complex dynamics between neurons and spikes. These are very sensitive to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Thomas Firmin , Pierre Boulet , El-Ghazali Talbi

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly energy-efficient due to event-driven, sparse computation, but their training is challenged by spike non-differentiability and trade-offs among performance, efficiency, and biological plausibility.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zihan Huang , Zijie Xu , Yihan Huang , Shanshan Jia , Tong Bu , Yiting Dong , Wenxuan Liu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Intracortical brain-machine interfaces demand low-latency, energy-efficient solutions for neural decoding. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) deployed on neuromorphic hardware have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in neural decoding by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Francesca Rivelli , Martin Popov , Charalampos S. Kouzinopoulos , Guangzhi Tang

We propose a novel backpropagation algorithm for training spiking neural networks (SNNs) that encodes information in the relative multiple spike timing of individual neurons without single-spike restrictions. The proposed algorithm inherits…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kakei Yamamoto , Yusuke Sakemi , Kazuyuki Aihara

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), inspired by the spiking behavior of biological neurons, provide a unique pathway for capturing the intricacies of temporal data. However, applying SNNs to time-series forecasting is challenging due to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Changze Lv , Yansen Wang , Dongqi Han , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang , Dongsheng Li

Conventional neural structures tend to communicate through analog quantities such as currents or voltages, however, as CMOS devices shrink and supply voltages decrease, the dynamic range of voltage/current-domain analog circuits becomes…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Xiangyu Chen , Zolboo Byambadorj , Takeaki Yajima , Hisashi Inoue , Isao H. Inoue , Tetsuya Iizuka

As spiking-based deep learning inference applications are increasing in embedded systems, these systems tend to integrate neuromorphic accelerators such as $\mu$Brain to improve energy efficiency. We propose a $\mu$Brain-based scalable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-24 M. Lakshmi Varshika , Adarsha Balaji , Federico Corradi , Anup Das , Jan Stuijt , Francky Catthoor

This survey paper presents a comprehensive examination of Spiking Neural Network (SNN) architecture search (SNNaS) from a unique hardware/software co-design perspective. SNNs, inspired by biological neurons, have emerged as a promising…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Kama Svoboda , Tosiron Adegbija

The rapid growth of brain-inspired computing coupled with the inefficiencies in the CMOS implementations of neuromrphic systems has led to intense exploration of efficient hardware implementations of the functional units of the brain,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Indranil Chakraborty , Gobinda Saha , Abhronil Sengupta , Kaushik Roy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a subclass of neuromorphic models that have great potential to be used as controllers in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) due to their energy efficiency. They can benefit from the prevalent approach of first…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Arkaprava Gupta , Sumana Ghosh , Ansuman Banerjee , Swarup Kumar Mohalik

Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted attention for their event-driven characteristics and high energy efficiency. However, the temporal dependency and irregularity of spikes present significant challenges for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Kainan Wang , Chengyi Yang , Chengting Yu , Yee Sin Ang , Bo Wang , Aili Wang

As deep learning models scale, they become increasingly competitive from domains spanning from computer vision to natural language processing; however, this happens at the expense of efficiency since they require increasingly more memory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Fabrizio Ottati , Chang Gao , Qinyu Chen , Giovanni Brignone , Mario R. Casu , Jason K. Eshraghian , Luciano Lavagno

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained considerable interest due to their energy-efficient characteristics, yet lack of a scalable training algorithm has restricted their applicability in practical machine learning problems. The deep…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Seongsik Park , Seijoon Kim , Byunggook Na , Sungroh Yoon