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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise high energy efficiency, particularly with time-to-first-spike (TTFS) encoding, which maximizes sparsity by emitting at most one spike per neuron. However, such energy advantage is often unrealized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zhanglu Yan , Jiayi Mao , Qianhui Liu , Fanfan Li , Gang Pan , Tao Luo , Bowen Zhu , Weng-Fai Wong

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a biologically grounded and energy-efficient alternative to conventional neural architectures; however, they struggle with long-range temporal dependencies due to fixed synaptic and membrane time…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Sarim Chaudhry

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is the third generation of Neural Network (NN) mimicking the natural behavior of the brain. By processing based on binary input/output, SNNs offer lower complexity, higher density and lower power consumption.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Khanh N. Dang , Abderazek Ben Abdallah

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) can be used in low-power and embedded systems (such as emerging neuromorphic chips) due to their event-based nature. Also, they have the advantage of low computation cost in contrast to conventional artificial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Ali Samadzadeh , Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei Far , Ali Javadi , Ahmad Nickabadi , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani

Mixed-signal analog/digital circuits emulate spiking neurons and synapses with extremely high energy efficiency, an approach known as "neuromorphic engineering". However, analog circuits are sensitive to process-induced variation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Julian Büchel , Dmitrii Zendrikov , Sergio Solinas , Giacomo Indiveri , Dylan R. Muir

Spiking neural networks, also often referred to as the third generation of neural networks, carry the potential for a massive reduction in memory and energy consumption over traditional, second-generation neural networks. Inspired by the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Alexander Henkes , Jason K. Eshraghian , Henning Wessels

There has been significant research over the past two decades in developing new platforms for spiking neural computation. Current neural computers are primarily developed to mimick biology. They use neural networks which can be trained to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-07-23 Xavier Lagorce , Ryad Benosman

Hardware-based spiking neural networks (SNNs) are regarded as promising candidates for the cognitive computing system due to low power consumption and highly parallel operation. In this work, we train the SNN in which the firing time…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Seongbin Oh , Dongseok Kwon , Gyuho Yeom , Won-Mook Kang , Soochang Lee , Sung Yun Woo , Jang Saeng Kim , Min Kyu Park , Jong-Ho Lee

Neuromorphic computing is an emerging technology enabling low-latency and energy-efficient signal processing. A key algorithmic tool in neuromorphic computing is spiking neural networks (SNNs). SNNs are biologically inspired neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Sanja Karilanova , Subhrakanti Dey , Ayça Özçelikkale

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are known to be very effective for neuromorphic processor implementations, achieving orders of magnitude improvements in energy efficiency and computational latency over traditional deep learning approaches.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Sidi Yaya Arnaud Yarga , Jean Rouat , Sean U. N. Wood

In recent years, neuromorphic computing and spiking neural networks (SNNs) have ad-vanced rapidly through integration with deep learning. However, the performance of SNNs still lags behind that of convolutional neural networks (CNNs),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hsieh Ching-Teng , Wang Yuan-Kai

Neuromorphic Computing is a nascent research field in which models and devices are designed to process information by emulating biological neural systems. Thanks to their superior energy efficiency, analog neuromorphic systems are highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Tianlin Liu

The brain is known to be a highly complex, asynchronous dynamical system that is highly tailored to encode temporal information. However, recent deep learning approaches to not take advantage of this temporal coding. Spiking Neural Networks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Matthew Evanusa , Cornelia Fermuller , Yiannis Aloimonos

Efficient Balanced Networks (EBNs) are networks of spiking neurons in which excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents are balanced on a short timescale, leading to desirable coding properties such as high encoding precision, low firing…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Julian Büchel , Jonathan Kakon , Michel Perez , Giacomo Indiveri

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise low-power event-driven computation for temporally rich tasks, but commonly used neuron models often trade off gradient-based trainability, dynamical richness, and high activity sparsity. These…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alex Fulleda-Garcia , Saray Soldado-Magraner , Josep Maria Margarit-Taulé

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise ultra-low-power applications by exploiting temporal and spatial sparsity. The number of binary activations, called spikes, is proportional to the power consumed when executed on neuromorphic hardware.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Gregor Lenz , Garrick Orchard , Sadique Sheik

Spikes are the currency in central nervous systems for information transmission and processing. They are also believed to play an essential role in low-power consumption of the biological systems, whose efficiency attracts increasing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Qiang Yu , Shenglan Li , Huajin Tang , Longbiao Wang , Jianwu Dang , Kay Chen Tan

The tremendous energy consumption of deep neural networks (DNNs) has become a serious problem in deep learning. Spiking neural networks (SNNs), which mimic the operations in the human brain, have been studied as prominent energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Seongsik Park , Sungroh Yoon

With serial and parallel processors introduced into Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) execution, more and more researchers are dedicated to improving the performance of the computing paradigms by taking full advantage of the strengths of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Jiaxin Huang , Bernhard Vogginger , Florian Kelber , Hector Gonzalez , Klaus Knobloch , Christian Georg Mayr