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Related papers: DNABERT-2: Efficient Foundation Model and Benchmar…

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Tokenization is a foundational step in natural language processing (NLP) tasks, bridging raw text and language models. Existing tokenization approaches like Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) originate from the field of data compression, and it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Craig W. Schmidt , Varshini Reddy , Haoran Zhang , Alec Alameddine , Omri Uzan , Yuval Pinter , Chris Tanner

The wide array of currently available genomes display a wonderful diversity in size, composition and structure with many more to come thanks to several global biodiversity genomics initiatives starting in recent years. However, sequencing…

We introduce DNABERT-S, a tailored genome model that develops species-aware embeddings to naturally cluster and segregate DNA sequences of different species in the embedding space. Differentiating species from genomic sequences (i.e., DNA…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-23 Zhihan Zhou , Weimin Wu , Harrison Ho , Jiayi Wang , Lizhen Shi , Ramana V Davuluri , Zhong Wang , Han Liu

Tokens serve as the basic units of representation in DNA language models (DNALMs), yet their design remains underexplored. Unlike natural language, DNA lacks inherent token boundaries or predefined compositional rules, making tokenization a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Nan Huang , Xiaoxiao Zhou , Junxia Cui , Mario Tapia-Pacheco , Tiffany Amariuta , Yang Li , Jingbo Shang

Text-based foundation models have become an important part of scientific discovery, with molecular foundation models accelerating advancements in material science and molecular design.However, existing models are constrained by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Alexius Wadell , Anoushka Bhutani , Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan

With the increasing attention to molecular machine learning, various innovations have been made in designing better models or proposing more comprehensive benchmarks. However, less is studied on the data preprocessing schedule for molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yuchen Shen , Barnabás Póczos

As key elements within the central dogma, DNA, RNA, and proteins play crucial roles in maintaining life by guaranteeing accurate genetic expression and implementation. Although research on these molecules has profoundly impacted fields like…

Protein structure is central to biological function, and enabling multimodal protein models requires joint reasoning over sequence, structure, and function. A key barrier is the lack of principled protein structure tokenizers (PSTs):…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-03 Michael Sun , Weize Yuan , Gang Liu , Wojciech Matusik , Marinka Zitnik

Transformer-based models, specifically BERT, have propelled research in various NLP tasks. However, these models are limited to a maximum token limit of 512 tokens. Consequently, this makes it non-trivial to apply it in a practical setting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Aman Jaiswal , Evangelos Milios

Named-entity recognition (NER) is fundamental to extracting structured information from the >80% of healthcare data that resides in unstructured clinical notes and biomedical literature. Despite recent advances with large language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Maziyar Panahi

RNA is a vital biomolecule with numerous roles and functions within cells, and interest in targeting it for therapeutic purposes has grown significantly in recent years. However, fully understanding and predicting RNA behavior, particularly…

Obtaining effective representations of DNA sequences is crucial for genome analysis. Metagenomic binning, for instance, relies on genome representations to cluster complex mixtures of DNA fragments from biological samples with the aim of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Abdulkadir Celikkanat , Andres R. Masegosa , Thomas D. Nielsen

Tokenization is the first -- and often least scrutinized -- step of most NLP pipelines. Standard algorithms for learning tokenizers rely on frequency-based objectives, which favor languages dominant in the training data and consequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Negar Foroutan , Clara Meister , Debjit Paul , Joel Niklaus , Sina Ahmadi , Antoine Bosselut , Rico Sennrich

To address the challenge of scarce computational resources in genomic modeling, we introduce GERM, a genomic foundation model with strong compression performance and fast adaptability. GERM improves upon models like DNABERT-2 by eliminating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Haozheng Luo , Chenghao Qiu , Maojiang Su , Zhihan Zhou , Zoe Mehta , Guo Ye , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Han Liu

The third-generation long reads sequencing technologies, such as PacBio and Nanopore, have great advantages over second-generation Illumina sequencing in de novo assembly studies. However, due to the inherent low base accuracy,…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2020-03-27 Hengchao Wang , Bo Liu , Yan Zhang , Fan Jiang , Yuwei Ren , Lijuan Yin , Hangwei Liu , Sen Wang , Wei Fan

Motivation: Biomedical named-entity normalization involves connecting biomedical entities with distinct database identifiers in order to facilitate data integration across various fields of biology. Existing systems for biomedical named…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Zainab Awan , Tim Kahlke , Peter Ralph , Paul Kennedy

Large-scale language models such as DNABert and LOGO aim to learn optimal gene representations and are trained on the entire Human Reference Genome. However, standard tokenization schemes involve a simple sliding window of tokens like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Soumyadeep Roy , Jonas Wallat , Sowmya S Sundaram , Wolfgang Nejdl , Niloy Ganguly

Pre-trained large language models demonstrate potential in extracting information from DNA sequences, yet adapting to a variety of tasks and data modalities remains a challenge. To address this, we propose DNAGPT, a generalized DNA…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-01 Daoan Zhang , Weitong Zhang , Yu Zhao , Jianguo Zhang , Bing He , Chenchen Qin , Jianhua Yao

Byte-pair encoding (BPE) is a ubiquitous algorithm in the subword tokenization process of language models as it provides multiple benefits. However, this process is solely based on pre-training data statistics, making it hard for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Gustavo Aguilar , Bryan McCann , Tong Niu , Nazneen Rajani , Nitish Keskar , Thamar Solorio

In the genome biology research, regulatory genome modeling is an important topic for many regulatory downstream tasks, such as promoter classification, transaction factor binding sites prediction. The core problem is to model how regulatory…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2021-11-04 Shentong Mo , Xi Fu , Chenyang Hong , Yizhen Chen , Yuxuan Zheng , Xiangru Tang , Zhiqiang Shen , Eric P Xing , Yanyan Lan