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We introduce a new training paradigm that enforces interval constraints on neural network parameter space to control forgetting. Contemporary Continual Learning (CL) methods focus on training neural networks efficiently from a stream of…

The problem of class incremental learning (CIL) is considered. State-of-the-art approaches use a dynamic architecture based on network expansion (NE), in which a task expert is added per task. While effective from a computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Zhiyuan Hu , Yunsheng Li , Jiancheng Lyu , Dashan Gao , Nuno Vasconcelos

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) requires models to continually acquire knowledge of new classes without forgetting old ones. Despite Pre-trained Models (PTMs) have shown excellent performance in CIL, catastrophic forgetting still occurs as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Hai-Long Sun , Da-Wei Zhou , Hanbin Zhao , Le Gan , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally. There are two popular CL settings, class incremental learning (CIL) and task incremental learning (TIL). A major challenge of CL is catastrophic forgetting (CF). While a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Gyuhak Kim , Changnan Xiao , Tatsuya Konishi , Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu

Class-incremental learning (CIL) in medical image-guided diagnosis requires retaining prior diagnostic knowledge while adapting to newly emerging disease categories, which is critical for scalable clinical deployment. This problem is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Xinyao Wu , Zhe Xu , Cheng Chen , Jiawei Ma , Yefeng Zheng , Raymond Kai-yu Tong

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) [40] trains classifiers under a strict memory budget: in each incremental phase, learning is done for new data, most of which is abandoned to free space for the next phase. The preserved data are exemplars…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Yaoyao Liu , Bernt Schiele , Qianru Sun

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) constitutes a pivotal subfield within continual learning, aimed at enabling models to progressively learn new classification tasks while retaining knowledge obtained from prior tasks. Although previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jaeill Kim , Wonseok Lee , Moonjung Eo , Wonjong Rhee

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to continuously learn new categories while retaining the knowledge of old ones. Pre-trained models (PTMs) show promising capabilities in CIL. However, existing approaches that apply lightweight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kai Jiang , Zhengyan Shi , Dell Zhang , Hongyuan Zhang , Xuelong Li

Task-incremental continual learning refers to continually training a model in a sequence of tasks while overcoming the problem of catastrophic forgetting (CF). The issue arrives for the reason that the learned representations are forgotten…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yun Luo , Xiaotian Lin , Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Yue Zhang

Class-incremental learning (CIL) aims to recognize new classes incrementally while maintaining the discriminability of old classes. Most existing CIL methods are exemplar-based, i.e., storing a part of old data for retraining. Without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Fei Zhu , Xu-Yao Zhang , Zhen Cheng , Cheng-Lin Liu

This paper studies the problem of class-incremental learning (CIL), a core setting within continual learning where a model learns a sequence of tasks, each containing a distinct set of classes. Traditional CIL methods, which do not leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Saleh Momeni , Changnan Xiao , Bing Liu

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally. This paper studies the challenging CL setting of class-incremental learning (CIL). CIL has two key challenges: catastrophic forgetting (CF) and inter-task class separation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Saleh Momeni , Sahisnu Mazumder , Bing Liu

The intrinsic capability to continuously learn a changing data stream is a desideratum of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, current DNNs suffer from catastrophic forgetting, which interferes with remembering past knowledge. To mitigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghia D. Nguyen , Hieu Trung Nguyen , Ang Li , Hoang Pham , Viet Anh Nguyen , Khoa D. Doan

Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning (efCIL) aims to continuously incorporate the knowledge from new classes while retaining previously learned information, without storing any old-class exemplars (i.e., samples). For this purpose,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Libo Huang , Zhulin An , Yan Zeng , Chuanguang Yang , Xinqiang Yu , Yongjun Xu

This paper proposes two novel knowledge transfer techniques for class-incremental learning (CIL). First, we propose data-free generative replay (DF-GR) to mitigate catastrophic forgetting in CIL by using synthetic samples from a generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Yoojin Choi , Mostafa El-Khamy , Jungwon Lee

Real-world environments are inherently non-stationary, frequently introducing new classes over time. This is especially common in time series classification, such as the emergence of new disease classification in healthcare or the addition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Zhongzheng Qiao , Quang Pham , Zhen Cao , Hoang H Le , P. N. Suganthan , Xudong Jiang , Ramasamy Savitha

Class-incremental learning (CIL) learns a classification model with training data of different classes arising progressively. Existing CIL either suffers from serious accuracy loss due to catastrophic forgetting, or invades data privacy by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Huiping Zhuang , Zhenyu Weng , Hongxin Wei , Renchunzi Xie , Kar-Ann Toh , Zhiping Lin

Contemporary neural networks are limited in their ability to learn from evolving streams of training data. When trained sequentially on new or evolving tasks, their accuracy drops sharply, making them unsuitable for many real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Sudhanshu Mittal , Silvio Galesso , Thomas Brox

Instance-incremental learning (IIL) focuses on learning continually with data of the same classes. Compared to class-incremental learning (CIL), the IIL is seldom explored because IIL suffers less from catastrophic forgetting (CF). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Qiang Nie , Weifu Fu , Yuhuan Lin , Jialin Li , Yifeng Zhou , Yong Liu , Lei Zhu , Chengjie Wang

Class-incremental learning (CIL) under an exemplar-free constraint has presented a significant challenge. Existing methods adhering to this constraint are prone to catastrophic forgetting, far more so than replay-based techniques that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Huiping Zhuang , Run He , Kai Tong , Ziqian Zeng , Cen Chen , Zhiping Lin