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Various audio-LLMs (ALLMs) have been explored recently for tackling different audio tasks simultaneously using a single, unified model. While existing evaluations of ALLMs primarily focus on single-audio tasks, real-world applications often…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Yiming Chen , Xianghu Yue , Xiaoxue Gao , Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Robby T. Tan , Haizhou Li

Large audio language models (LALMs) leverage multimodal representations to generate open-ended answers to natural language queries about audio. In this paper, we (1) provide empirical evidence that assessment of LALMs using the popular…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Daniel Chenyu Lin , Michael Freeman , John Thickstun

Challenges in managing linguistic diversity and integrating various musical modalities are faced by current music information retrieval systems. These limitations reduce their effectiveness in a global, multimodal music environment. To…

Estimating music piece difficulty is important for organizing educational music collections. This process could be partially automatized to facilitate the educator's role. Nevertheless, the decisions performed by prevalent deep-learning…

As large language models continue to develop, the feasibility and significance of text-based symbolic music tasks have become increasingly prominent. While symbolic music has been widely used in generation tasks, LLM capabilities in…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiahao Zhao , Yunjia Li , Wei Li , Kazuyoshi Yoshii

CLaMP 3 is a unified framework developed to address challenges of cross-modal and cross-lingual generalization in music information retrieval. Using contrastive learning, it aligns all major music modalities--including sheet music,…

Enhancing the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to interpret sheet music is a crucial step toward building AI musicians. However, current research lacks both evaluation benchmarks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhilin Wang , Zhe Yang , Yun Luo , Yafu Li , Xiaoye Qu , Ziqian Qiao , Haoran Zhang , Runzhe Zhan , Derek F. Wong , Jizhe Zhou , Yu Cheng

Evaluating song aesthetics is challenging due to the multidimensional nature of musical perception and the scarcity of labeled data. We propose HEAR, a robust music aesthetic evaluation framework that combines: (1) a multi-source…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Shuyang Liu , Yuan Jin , Rui Lin , Shizhe Chen , Junyu Dai , Tao Jiang

Music Information Retrieval (MIR) has seen a recent surge in deep learning-based approaches, which often involve encoding symbolic music (i.e., music represented in terms of discrete note events) in an image-like or language like fashion.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-12 Huan Zhang , Emmanouil Karystinaios , Simon Dixon , Gerhard Widmer , Carlos Eduardo Cancino-Chacón

Audio-language models (ALMs) are increasingly used in real-world applications that require understanding music, from music tutoring and transcription to captioning, recommendation systems, and music production. More broadly, they are…

Word embedding has become an essential means for text-based information retrieval. Typically, word embeddings are learned from large quantities of general and unstructured text data. However, in the domain of music, the word embedding may…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-04-24 SeungHeon Doh , Jongpil Lee , Dasaem Jeong , Juhan Nam

Recent advancements in Text-to-Song generation have enabled realistic musical content production, yet existing evaluation benchmarks lack the professional granularity to capture multi-dimensional aesthetic nuances. In this paper, we propose…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Dapeng Wu , Shun Lei , Wei Tan , Guangzheng Li , Yunzhe Wang , Huaicheng Zhang , Lishi Zuo , Zhiyong Wu

Audio Question Answering (AQA) is a key task for evaluating Audio-Language Models (ALMs), yet assessing open-ended responses remains challenging. Existing metrics used for AQA such as BLEU, METEOR and BERTScore, mostly adapted from NLP and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Satvik Dixit , Soham Deshmukh , Bhiksha Raj

Interpretability of machine learning models has gained more and more attention among researchers in the artificial intelligence (AI) and human-computer interaction (HCI) communities. Most existing work focuses on decision making, whereas we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Haizi Yu , Heinrich Taube , James A. Evans , Lav R. Varshney

This paper introduces effective design choices for text-to-music retrieval systems. An ideal text-based retrieval system would support various input queries such as pre-defined tags, unseen tags, and sentence-level descriptions. In reality,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-29 SeungHeon Doh , Minz Won , Keunwoo Choi , Juhan Nam

We introduce Music Flamingo, a novel large audio-language model designed to advance music (including song) understanding in foundational audio models. While audio-language research has progressed rapidly, music remains challenging due to…

In recent years, AI-generated music has made significant progress, with several models performing well in multimodal and complex musical genres and scenes. While objective metrics can be used to evaluate generative music, they often lack…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zeyu Xiong , Weitao Wang , Jing Yu , Yue Lin , Ziyan Wang

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in the field of music generation, driving innovation in music creation and applications. This paper provides a systematic review of the latest research advancements…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Yanxu Chen , Linshu Huang , Tian Gou

Music classification is a music information retrieval (MIR) task to classify music items to labels such as genre, mood, and instruments. It is also closely related to other concepts such as music similarity and musical preference. In this…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Minz Won , Janne Spijkervet , Keunwoo Choi

Modern-day Optical Music Recognition (OMR) is a fairly fragmented field. Most OMR approaches use datasets that are independent and incompatible between each other, making it difficult to both combine them and compare recognition systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Pau Torras , Sanket Biswas , Alicia Fornés