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Related papers: Quality and Efficiency of Manual Annotation: Pre-a…

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In functional programming languages, the classic form of annotation is a single type constraint on a term. Intersection types add complications: a single term may have to be checked several times against different types, in different…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Jana Dunfield

This paper elaborates on the notion of uncertainty in the context of annotation in large text corpora, specifically focusing on (but not limited to) historical languages. Such uncertainty might be due to inherent properties of the language,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Marie-Luis Merten , Marcel Wever , Michaela Geierhos , Doris Tophinke , Eyke Hüllermeier

We present a comprehensive survey on the use of annotations in information visualizations, highlighting their crucial role in improving audience understanding and engagement with visual data. Our investigation encompasses empirical studies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Bhavana Doppalapudi , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

Self-annotation is the gold standard for collecting affective state labels in affective computing. Existing methods typically rely on full annotation, requiring users to continuously label affective states across entire sessions. While this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jaeyoung Moon , Youjin Choi , Yucheon Park , David Melhart , Georgios N. Yannakakis , Kyung-Joong Kim

Human evaluation is increasingly critical for assessing large language models, capturing linguistic nuances, and reflecting user preferences more accurately than traditional automated metrics. However, the resource-intensive nature of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

Interactive segmentation, an integration of AI algorithms and human expertise, premises to improve the accuracy and efficiency of curating large-scale, detailed-annotated datasets in healthcare. Human experts revise the annotations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Tiezheng Zhang , Xiaoxi Chen , Chongyu Qu , Alan Yuille , Zongwei Zhou

Word spotting is a popular tool for supporting the first exploration of historic, handwritten document collections. Today, the best performing methods rely on machine learning techniques, which require a high amount of annotated training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Fabian Wolf , Gernot A. Fink

Active learning is able to significantly reduce the annotation cost for data-driven techniques. However, previous active learning approaches for natural language processing mainly depend on the entropy-based uncertainty criterion, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Guirong Bai , Shizhu He , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao , Zaiqing Nie

It is increasingly recognized that human annotators do not always agree, and such disagreement is inherent in many annotation tasks. However, not all instances in a given task elicit the same degree of opinion divergence. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Leixin Zhang , Çağrı Çöltekin

In programming education, providing manual feedback is essential but labour-intensive, posing challenges in consistency and timeliness. We introduce ECHO, a machine learning method to automate the reuse of feedback in educational code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Charlotte Van Petegem , Kasper Demeyere , Rien Maertens , Niko Strijbol , Bram De Wever , Bart Mesuere , Peter Dawyndt

Automated text annotation is a compelling use case for generative large language models (LLMs) in social media research. Recent work suggests that LLMs can achieve strong performance on annotation tasks; however, these studies evaluate LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken

Traditional image annotation tasks rely heavily on human effort for object selection and label assignment, making the process time-consuming and prone to decreased efficiency as annotators experience fatigue after extensive work. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 He Zhang , Xinyi Fu , John M. Carroll

Crowdsourcing has been the prevalent paradigm for creating natural language understanding datasets in recent years. A common crowdsourcing practice is to recruit a small number of high-quality workers, and have them massively generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Mor Geva , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

This report presents the design and implementation of a semi-automated data annotation pipeline developed within the DARTS project, whose goal is to create a large-scale, multimodal dataset of driving scenarios recorded in Polish…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Andrii Gamalii , Daniel Górniak , Robert Nowak , Bartłomiej Olber , Krystian Radlak , Jakub Winter

In the context of text classification, the financial burden of annotation exercises for creating training data is a critical issue. Active learning techniques, particularly those rooted in uncertainty sampling, offer a cost-effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Hamidreza Rouzegar , Masoud Makrehchi

In an effort to assist factcheckers in the process of factchecking, we tackle the claim detection task, one of the necessary stages prior to determining the veracity of a claim. It consists of identifying the set of sentences, out of a long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Lev Konstantinovskiy , Oliver Price , Mevan Babakar , Arkaitz Zubiaga

We introduce a framework for lightweight dependency syntax annotation. Our formalism builds upon the typical representation for unlabeled dependencies, permitting a simple notation and annotation workflow. Moreover, the formalism encourages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Nathan Schneider , Brendan O'Connor , Naomi Saphra , David Bamman , Manaal Faruqui , Noah A. Smith , Chris Dyer , Jason Baldridge

Supervised systems require human labels for training. But, are humans themselves always impartial during the annotation process? We examine this question in the context of automated assessment of human behavioral tasks. Specifically, we…

Shared artifacts and environments play a prominent role in shaping the collaboration between their users. This article describes this role and explains how annotations can provide a bridge between direct communication and collaboration…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2012-11-14 Syavash Nobarany

Fine-grained opinion analysis of text provides a detailed understanding of expressed sentiments, including the addressed entity. Although this level of detail is valuable, annotating opinions in datasets for model training requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Gaurav Negi , MA Waskow , John McCrae , Omnia Zayed , Paul Buitelaar