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We survey results on the formalization and independence of mathematical statements related to major open problems in computational complexity theory. Our primary focus is on recent findings concerning the (un)provability of complexity…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Igor C. Oliveira

Robustness verification that aims to formally certify the prediction behavior of neural networks has become an important tool for understanding model behavior and obtaining safety guarantees. However, previous methods can usually only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Zhouxing Shi , Huan Zhang , Kai-Wei Chang , Minlie Huang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

This paper addresses the following question of neural network identifiability: Does the input-output map realized by a feed-forward neural network with respect to a given nonlinearity uniquely specify the network architecture, weights, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-03 Verner Vlačić , Helmut Bölcskei

This paper presents for the first time, to our knowledge, a framework for verifying neural network behavior in power system applications. Up to this moment, neural networks have been applied in power systems as a black-box; this has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-31 Andreas Venzke , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Characterizing the computational power of neural network architectures in terms of formal language theory remains a crucial line of research, as it describes lower and upper bounds on the reasoning capabilities of modern AI. However, when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Alexandra Butoi , Ghazal Khalighinejad , Anej Svete , Josef Valvoda , Ryan Cotterell , Brian DuSell

In this paper, we analyze the complexity of functional programs written in the interaction-net computation model, an asynchronous, parallel and confluent model that generalizes linear-logic proof nets. Employing user-defined sized and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2015-11-06 Stéphane Gimenez , Georg Moser

Learning monotonic models with respect to a subset of the inputs is a desirable feature to effectively address the fairness, interpretability, and generalization issues in practice. Existing methods for learning monotonic neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Xingchao Liu , Xing Han , Na Zhang , Qiang Liu

These lecture notes provide an introduction to the verification of neural networks from a theoretical perspective. We discuss feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, attention mechanisms, and transformers, together with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Benedikt Bollig

The unprecedented success of deep learning (DL) makes it unchallenged when it comes to classification problems. However, it is well established that the current DL methodology produces universally unstable neural networks (NNs). The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Alexander Bastounis , Anders C Hansen , Verner Vlačić

We present new algorithms for a posteriori verification of neural networks (NNs) approximating solutions to PDEs. These verification algorithms compute accurate estimates of $L^p$ norms of NNs and their derivatives. When combined with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Emil Haugen , Alexei Stepanenko , Anders C. Hansen

Neural networks are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which are small, imperceptible perturbations that can significantly alter the network's output. Conversely, there may exist large, meaningful perturbations that do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Tianqi Cui , Thomas Bertalan , George J. Pappas , Manfred Morari , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Mahyar Fazlyab

Neural networks have shown great success in many machine learning related tasks, due to their ability to act as general function approximators. Recent work has demonstrated the effectiveness of neural networks in control systems (known as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-13 Matthew Newton , Antonis Papachristodoulou

Current approaches to neural network verification focus on specifications that target small regions around known input data points, such as local robustness. Thus, using these approaches, we can not obtain guarantees for inputs that are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 David Boetius , Stefan Leue

State-of-the-art neural network verifiers operate by encoding neural network verification as constraint satisfaction problems. When dealing with standard piecewise-linear activation functions, such as ReLUs, verifiers typically employ…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Maya Swisa , Guy Katz

We analyse the complexity of the satisfiability problem, or similarly feasibility problem, (trSAT) for transformer encoders (TE), which naturally occurs in formal verification or interpretation, collectively referred to as formal reasoning.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Marco Sälzer , Eric Alsmann , Martin Lange

We study the satisfiability problem for a modal logic expressing knowing-how assertions, which captures an agent's ability to achieve a given goal under the standard semantics based on linear plans. Our main result shows that satisfiability…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Carlos Areces , Pablo Barceló , Valentin Cassano , Pablo F. Castro , Stéphane Demri , Raul Fervari

This paper investigates $\exists\mathbb{R}(r^{\mathbb{Z}})$, that is the extension of the existential theory of the reals by an additional unary predicate $r^{\mathbb{Z}}$ for the integer powers of a fixed computable real number $r > 0$. If…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jorge Gallego-Hernández , Alessio Mansutti

Formally verifying properties of software code has been a highly desirable task, especially with the emergence of LLM-generated code. In the same vein, they provide an interesting avenue for the exploration of formal verification and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Balaji Rao , William Eiers , Carlo Lipizzi

We consider the verification of distributed systems composed of an arbitrary number of asynchronous processes. Processes are identical finite-state machines that communicate by reading from and writing to a shared memory. Beyond the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Nicolas Waldburger

Sustainable research on computational models of neuronal networks requires published models to be understandable, reproducible, and extendable. Missing details or ambiguities about mathematical concepts and assumptions, algorithmic…

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