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In this paper we investigate formal verification problems for Neural Network computations. Of central importance will be various robustness and minimization problems such as: Given symbolic specifications of allowed inputs and outputs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Adrian Wurm

We investigate the complexity of the reachability problem for (deep) neural networks: does it compute valid output given some valid input? It was recently claimed that the problem is NP-complete for general neural networks and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Marco Sälzer , Martin Lange

We investigate the complexity of the reachability problem for (deep) neural networks: does it compute valid output given some valid input? It was recently claimed that the problem is NP-complete for general neural networks and conjunctive…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Marco Sälzer , Martin Lange

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly being deployed to perform safety-critical tasks. The opacity of DNNs, which prevents humans from reasoning about them, presents new safety and security challenges. To address these challenges,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Omri Isac , Yoni Zohar , Clark Barrett , Guy Katz

This paper addresses the problem of formally verifying desirable properties of neural networks, i.e., obtaining provable guarantees that neural networks satisfy specifications relating their inputs and outputs (robustness to bounded norm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Krishnamurthy , Dvijotham , Robert Stanforth , Sven Gowal , Timothy Mann , Pushmeet Kohli

We study the complexity of the problem of training neural networks defined via various activation functions. The training problem is known to be existsR-complete with respect to linear activation functions and the ReLU activation function.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Teemu Hankala , Miika Hannula , Juha Kontinen , Jonni Virtema

In this paper, we consider the computational complexity of formally verifying the behavior of Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) Neural Networks (NNs), where verification entails determining whether the NN satisfies convex polytopic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 James Ferlez , Yasser Shoukry

Deep neural networks are widely used for nonlinear function approximation with applications ranging from computer vision to control. Although these networks involve the composition of simple arithmetic operations, it can be very challenging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Changliu Liu , Tomer Arnon , Christopher Lazarus , Christopher Strong , Clark Barrett , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Verifying correctness of deep neural networks (DNNs) is challenging. We study a generic reachability problem for feed-forward DNNs which, for a given set of inputs to the network and a Lipschitz-continuous function over its outputs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Wenjie Ruan , Xiaowei Huang , Marta Kwiatkowska

We present an approach for the verification of feed-forward neural networks in which all nodes have a piece-wise linear activation function. Such networks are often used in deep learning and have been shown to be hard to verify for modern…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Ruediger Ehlers

We investigate regular realizability (RR) problems, which are the problems of verifying whether intersection of a regular language -- the input of the problem -- and fixed language called filter is non-empty. We consider two kind of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Alexander A. Rubtsov

The robustness of deep neural networks is crucial to modern AI-enabled systems and should be formally verified. Sigmoid-like neural networks have been adopted in a wide range of applications. Due to their non-linearity, Sigmoid-like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Zhaodi Zhang , Yiting Wu , Si Liu , Jing Liu , Min Zhang

We study the reachability problem for systems implemented as feed-forward neural networks whose activation function is implemented via ReLU functions. We draw a correspondence between establishing whether some arbitrary output can ever be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-23 Alessio Lomuscio , Lalit Maganti

The success of Deep Learning and its potential use in many safety-critical applications has motivated research on formal verification of Neural Network (NN) models. In this context, verification involves proving or disproving that an NN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Rudy Bunel , Jingyue Lu , Ilker Turkaslan , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli , M. Pawan Kumar

The success of Deep Learning and its potential use in many safety-critical applications has motivated research on formal verification of Neural Network (NN) models. Despite the reputation of learned NN models to behave as black boxes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Rudy Bunel , Ilker Turkaslan , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli , M. Pawan Kumar

Quantifying the robustness of neural networks or verifying their safety properties against input uncertainties or adversarial attacks have become an important research area in learning-enabled systems. Most results concentrate around the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-11 Mahyar Fazlyab , Manfred Morari , George J. Pappas

Neural networks have been widely used to solve complex real-world problems. Due to the complicate, nonlinear, non-convex nature of neural networks, formal safety guarantees for the output behaviors of neural networks will be crucial for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-25 Weiming Xiang , Hoang-Dung Tran , Taylor T. Johnson

Learning-based methods could provide solutions to many of the long-standing challenges in control. However, the neural networks (NNs) commonly used in modern learning approaches present substantial challenges for analyzing the resulting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Michael Everett

In this paper we investigate formal verification of extracted rules for Neural Networks under a complexity theoretic point of view. A rule is a global property or a pattern concerning a large portion of the input space of a network. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Adrian Wurm

Output reachability and adversarial robustness are among the most relevant safety properties of neural networks. We show that in the context of Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNN), a common Graph Neural Network (GNN) model, formal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Marco Sälzer , Martin Lange
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