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We propose a simple modification to standard ResNet architectures--L2 normalization over feature space--that substantially improves out-of-distribution (OoD) performance on the previously proposed Deep Deterministic Uncertainty (DDU)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Jarrod Haas , William Yolland , Bernhard Rabus

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for safe deployment of learning systems in the open world setting. In this work, we investigate the use of feature density estimation via normalizing flows for OOD detection and present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Evan D. Cook , Marc-Antoine Lavoie , Steven L. Waslander

This paper presents a principled approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep neural networks (DNN). Modeling probability distributions on deep features has recently emerged as an effective, yet computationally cheap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Ibrahima Ndiour , Nilesh Ahuja , Omesh Tickoo

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) examples is an important task for deploying reliable machine learning models in safety-critial applications. While post-hoc methods based on the Mahalanobis distance applied to pre-logit features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maximilian Mueller , Matthias Hein

\noindent Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of machine learning models. Extensive work has focused on devising various scoring functions for detecting OOD samples, while only a few studies focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yifan Ding , Xixi Liu , Jonas Unger , Gabriel Eilertsen

The crux of effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies in acquiring a robust in-distribution (ID) representation, distinct from OOD samples. While previous methods predominantly leaned on recognition-based techniques for this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

We study simple methods for out-of-distribution (OOD) image detection that are compatible with any already trained classifier, relying on only its predictions or learned representations. Evaluating the OOD detection performance of various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Johnson Kuan , Jonas Mueller

In image classification, a lot of development has happened in detecting out-of-distribution (OoD) data. However, most OoD detection methods are evaluated on a standard set of datasets, arbitrarily different from training data. There is no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Jishnu Mukhoti , Tsung-Yu Lin , Bor-Chun Chen , Ashish Shah , Philip H. S. Torr , Puneet K. Dokania , Ser-Nam Lim

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection is important for building safe artificial intelligence systems. However, current OoD detection methods still cannot meet the performance requirements for practical deployment. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-18 Haiwen Huang , Zhihan Li , Lulu Wang , Sishuo Chen , Bin Dong , Xinyu Zhou

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a principal task for ensuring the safety of deploying deep-neural-network classifiers in open-set scenarios. OOD samples can be drawn from arbitrary distributions and exhibit deviations from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

Out-of-distribution (OoD) detection is a natural downstream task for deep generative models, due to their ability to learn the input probability distribution. There are mainly two classes of approaches for OoD detection using deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Yujia Huang , Sihui Dai , Tan Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk , Anima Anandkumar

Neural networks are known to produce over-confident predictions on input images, even when these images are out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. This limits the applications of neural network models in real-world scenarios, where OOD samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Ke Fan , Yikai Wang , Qian Yu , Da Li , Yanwei Fu

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection has developed substantially in the past few years, with available methods approaching, and in a few cases achieving, perfect data separation on standard benchmarks. These results generally involve large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Jarrod Haas

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, crucial for reliable pattern classification, discerns whether a sample originates outside the training distribution. This paper concentrates on the high-dimensional features output by the final…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Qiuyu Zhu , Yiwei He

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial when deploying deep neural networks in the real world to ensure the reliability and safety of their applications. One main challenge in OOD detection is that neural network models often produce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jinlun Ye , Zhuohao Sun , Yiqiao Qiu , Qiu Li , Zhijun Tan , Ruixuan Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for building reliable AI systems, as models that produce outputs for invalid inputs cannot be trusted. Although deep learning (DL) is often assumed to outperform traditional machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jihyeon Baek , Seunghoon Lee , Gitaek Kwon , Doohyun Park

As the use of machine learning continues to expand, the importance of ensuring its safety cannot be overstated. A key concern in this regard is the ability to identify whether a given sample is from the training distribution, or is an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Nicola Franco , Daniel Korth , Jeanette Miriam Lorenz , Karsten Roscher , Stephan Guennemann
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