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We introduce powerful ideas from Hyperdimensional Computing into the challenging field of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection. In contrast to most existing work that performs OOD detection based on only a single layer of a neural network,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Samuel Wilson , Tobias Fischer , Niko Sünderhauf , Feras Dayoub

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the reliability of ML models. Most existing methods for OOD detection learn a fixed decision criterion from a given in-distribution dataset and apply it universally to decide if a data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 YiFan Zhang , Xue Wang , Tian Zhou , Kun Yuan , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Rong Jin , Tieniu Tan

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Near out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a major challenge for deep neural networks. We demonstrate that large-scale pre-trained transformers can significantly improve the state-of-the-art (SOTA) on a range of near OOD tasks across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Stanislav Fort , Jie Ren , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) deals with anomalous input to neural networks. In the past, specialized methods have been proposed to reject predictions on anomalous input. Similarly, it was shown that feature extraction models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Jan Diers , Christian Pigorsch

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs during the inference stage is crucial for deploying neural networks in the real world. Previous methods commonly relied on the output of a network derived from the highly activated feature map. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Yeonguk Yu , Sungho Shin , Seongju Lee , Changhyun Jun , Kyoobin Lee

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection empowers the model trained on the closed image set to identify unknown data in the open world. Though many prior techniques have yielded considerable improvements in this research direction, two crucial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Sen Pei

This paper introduces a novel method leveraging bi-encoder-based detectors along with a comprehensive study comparing different out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods in NLP using different feature extractors. The feature extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Louis Owen , Biddwan Ahmed , Abhay Kumar

Neural networks (NNs) are widely used for object classification in autonomous driving. However, NNs can fail on input data not well represented by the training dataset, known as out-of-distribution (OOD) data. A mechanism to detect OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Julia Nitsch , Masha Itkina , Ransalu Senanayake , Juan Nieto , Max Schmidt , Roland Siegwart , Mykel J. Kochenderfer , Cesar Cadena

The core of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to learn the in-distribution (ID) representation, which is distinguishable from OOD samples. Previous work applied recognition-based methods to learn the ID features, which tend to learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Zexin He , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) instances is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios. OOD inputs are commonly expected to cause a more uncertain prediction in the primary task; however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Giovanni Cinà

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the problem of identifying inputs which are unrelated to the in-distribution task. The OOD detection performance when the in-distribution (ID) is ImageNet-1K is commonly being tested on a small range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Julian Bitterwolf , Maximilian Müller , Matthias Hein

Out-of-distribution (O.O.D.) generalization remains to be a key challenge for real-world machine learning systems. We describe a method for O.O.D. generalization that, through training, encourages models to only preserve features in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Arjun Ashok , Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Vineeth Balasubramanian

In this paper, we tackle the detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) objects in semantic segmentation. By analyzing the literature, we found that current methods are either accurate or fast but not both which limits their usability in real…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Victor Besnier , Andrei Bursuc , David Picard , Alexandre Briot

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios, enabling the identification of unknown samples or objects. A prominent approach to enhance OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-05 Heng Gao , Jun Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the reliable and safe deployment of machine learning systems in the real world. Great progress has been made over the past years. This paper presents the first review of recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Hao Lang , Yinhe Zheng , Yixuan Li , Jian Sun , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Accurate and explainable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is required to use machine learning systems safely. Previous work has shown that feature distance to decision boundaries can be used to identify OOD data effectively. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Maria Stoica , Francesco Leofante , Alessio Lomuscio

Detecting test-time distribution shift has emerged as a key capability for safely deployed machine learning models, with the question being tackled under various guises in recent years. In this paper, we aim to provide a consolidated view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Hongjun Wang , Sagar Vaze , Kai Han

Existing Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection methods address to detect OoD samples from In-Distribution (InD) data mainly by exploring differences in features, logits and gradients in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). We in this work propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Kun Fang , Qinghua Tao , Xiaolin Huang , Jie Yang