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This paper establishes a comprehensive approximation result for deep fully-connected neural networks with commonly-used and general activation functions in Sobolev spaces $W^{n,\infty}$, with errors measured in the $W^{m,p}$-norm for $m <…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yahong Yang , Juncai He

We analyze the topological properties of the set of functions that can be implemented by neural networks of a fixed size. Surprisingly, this set has many undesirable properties. It is highly non-convex, except possibly for a few exotic…

General Topology · Mathematics 2020-01-24 Philipp Petersen , Mones Raslan , Felix Voigtlaender

We establish a functional large deviation principle for fully connected multi-layer perceptrons with i.i.d. Gaussian weights (LeCun initialization) and general Lipschitz activation functions, including therefore the popular case of ReLU.…

This work explores the Benevolent Training Hypothesis (BTH) which argues that the complexity of the function a deep neural network (NN) is learning can be deduced by its training dynamics. Our analysis provides evidence for BTH by relating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Andreas Loukas , Marinos Poiitis , Stefanie Jegelka

Universal approximation theorems provide a mathematical explanation for the expressive power of neural networks. They assert that, under mild conditions on the activation function, feedforward neural networks are dense in broad function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Soumendu Sundar Mukherjee , Himasish Talukdar

In this paper, we study the problem of optimizing a two-layer artificial neural network that best fits a training dataset. We look at this problem in the setting where the number of parameters is greater than the number of sampled points.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-01 Digvijay Boob , Guanghui Lan

In this paper we study shallow neural network functions which are linear combinations of compositions of activation and quadratic functions, replacing standard affine linear functions, often called neurons. We show the universality of this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-12 Leon Frischauf , Otmar Scherzer , Cong Shi

This paper studies the universal approximation property of deep neural networks for representing probability distributions. Given a target distribution $\pi$ and a source distribution $p_z$ both defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$, we prove under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Yulong Lu , Jianfeng Lu

The purpose of this article is to develop a machinery to study the capacity of deep neural networks (DNNs) to approximate high-dimensional functions. In particular, we show that DNNs have the expressive power to overcome the curse of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Patrick Cheridito , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen , Benno Kuckuck

The approximation power of general feedforward neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions is investigated. First, lower bounds on the size of a network are established in terms of the approximation error and network depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Mohammad Mehrabi , Aslan Tchamkerten , Mansoor I. Yousefi

Recent research has revealed that high compression of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), e.g., massive pruning of the weight matrix of a DNN, leads to a severe drop in accuracy and susceptibility to adversarial attacks. Integration of network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yangqi Feng , Shing-Ho J. Lin , Baoyuan Gao , Xian Wei

Training neural networks under a strict Lipschitz constraint is useful for provable adversarial robustness, generalization bounds, interpretable gradients, and Wasserstein distance estimation. By the composition property of Lipschitz…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Cem Anil , James Lucas , Roger Grosse

It has been recently observed in much of the literature that neural networks exhibit a bottleneck rank property: for larger depths, the activation and weights of neural networks trained with gradient-based methods tend to be of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Antoine Ledent , Rodrigo Alves , Yunwen Lei

One of the reasons why many neural networks are capable of replicating complicated tasks or functions is their universal property. Though the past few decades have seen tremendous advances in theories of neural networks, a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Tan Bui-Thanh

Convergence of dynamic feedback neural networks (NNs), as the Cohen-Grossberg, Hopfield and cellular NNs, has been for a long time a workhorse of NN theory. Indeed, convergence in the presence of multiple stable equilibrium points (EPs) is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-29 Mauro Di Marco , Mauro Forti , Luca Pancioni , Giacomo Innocenti , Alberto Tesi

We present a theoretical and experimental investigation of the quantization problem for artificial neural networks. We provide a mathematical definition of quantized neural networks and analyze their approximation capabilities, showing in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Matteo Spallanzani , Lukas Cavigelli , Gian Paolo Leonardi , Marko Bertogna , Luca Benini

Deep neural networks, particularly those employing Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), are often perceived as complex, high-dimensional, non-linear systems. This complexity poses a significant challenge to understanding their internal learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Longqing Ye

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have significantly advanced machine learning, with model depth playing a central role in their successes. The dynamical system modeling approach has recently emerged as a powerful framework, offering new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Jinshu Huang , Mingfei Sun , Chunlin Wu

The universal approximation property (UAP) of neural networks is fundamental for deep learning, and it is well known that wide neural networks are universal approximators of continuous functions within both the $L^p$ norm and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Yongqiang Cai

Fast and precise Lipschitz constant estimation of neural networks is an important task for deep learning. Researchers have recently found an intrinsic trade-off between the accuracy and smoothness of neural networks, so training a network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Zi Wang , Gautam Prakriya , Somesh Jha