Related papers: One-two-way pass-move for knots and links
We introduce natural language processing into the study of knot theory, as made natural by the braid word representation of knots. We study the UNKNOT problem of determining whether or not a given knot is the unknot. After describing an…
In this paper we introduce a representation of knots and links called a cube diagram. We show that a property of a cube diagram is a link invariant if and only if the property is invariant under two types of cube diagram operations. A knot…
We say that a knot $k_1$ in the $3$-sphere {\it $1$-dominates} another $k_2$ if there is a proper degree 1 map $E(k_1) \to E(k_2)$ between their exteriors, and write $k_1 \ge k_2$. When $k_1 \ge k_2$ but $k_1 \ne k_2$ we write $k_1 > k_2$.…
We construct two knot invariants. The first knot invariant is a sum constructed using linking numbers. The second is an invariant of flat knots and is a formal sum of flat knots obtained by smoothing pairs of crossings. This invariant can…
In the present paper, we consider local moves on classical and welded diagrams: (self-)crossing change, (self-)virtualization, virtual conjugation, Delta, fused, band-pass and welded band-pass moves. Interrelationship between these moves is…
In this paper we use the connected sum operation on knots to show that there is a one-to-one relation between knots and numbers. In this relation prime knots are bijectively assigned with prime numbers such that the prime number 2…
We introduce a new family of invariants of oriented classical and virtual knots and links using fares, maps from paths in biquandle-colored diagrams to an abelian coefficient group. We consider the cases of 1-fares and 2-fares, provide…
Given any oriented link diagram, two types of new knot invariants are constructed. They satisfy some generalized skein relations. The coefficients of each invariant is from a commutative ring. Homomorphisms and representations of those…
Genus 2 mutation is the process of cutting a 3-manifold along an embedded closed genus 2 surface, twisting by the hyper-elliptic involution, and gluing back. This paper compares genus 2 mutation with the better-known Conway mutation in the…
We introduce a new numerical invariant of knots and links from the descending diagrams. It is considered to live between the unknotting number and the bridge number.
We work with a generalization of knot theory, in which one diagram is reachable from another via a finite sequence of moves if a fixed condition, regarding the existence of certain morphisms in an associated category, is satisfied for every…
We define $A_k$-moves for embeddings of a finite graph into the 3-sphere for each natural number $k$. Let $A_k$-equivalence denote an equivalence relation generated by $A_k$-moves and ambient isotopy. $A_k$-equivalence implies…
If the tunnel number of a link $K$ is denoted $t(K)$, a pair of knots $K_1,K_2$ is said to be subadditive if $t(K_1)+t(K_2)>t(K_1 # K_2)$. We construct new examples of subadditive links.
It has been suggested recently that knots might exist as stable soliton solutions in a simple three-dimensional classical field theory, opening up a wide range of possible applications in physics and beyond. We have re-examined and extended…
Kashaev and Reshetikhin previously described a way to define holonomy invariants of knots using quantum $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ at a root of unity. These are generalized quantum invariants depend both on a knot $K$ and a representation of the…
We construct two complete invariants of oriented classical knots in space. The value of each invariant on any knot is a set, infinite for the first invariant and finite for the second. The finite set is computed algorithmically from any…
Symmetries of knots have been studied extensively, and strongly invertible knots are one of them. Lamm defined the equivariant crossing number $c_t(K)$, the minimum crossing number among all symmetric diagrams for a strongly invertible knot…
Consider a continuous flow in $\mathbb{R}^3$ or any orientable $3$-manifold. Let $(Q_1, Q_0)$ be an index pair in the sense of Conley and consider the region $N := \overline{Q_1 - Q_0}$. (An example of this is a compact $3$-manifold $N$…
A knot in the 3-sphere in genus-1 1-bridge position (called a (1,1)-position) can be described by an element of the braid group of two points in the torus. Our main results tell how to translate between a braid group element and the…
In this paper we describe what should perhaps be called a `type-2' Vassiliev invariant of knots S^2 -> S^4. We give a formula for an invariant of 2-knots, taking values in Z_2 that can be computed in terms of the double-point diagram of the…