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The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, professional work, and everyday problem-solving has raised important questions about its effect on human reasoning. While AI can improve efficiency, save time, and support…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 M Murshidul Bari , Akif Islam , Mohd Ruhul Ameen , Abu Saleh Musa Miah , Jungpil Shin

Human interactions are deeply rooted in the interplay of thoughts, beliefs, and desires made possible by Theory of Mind (ToM): our cognitive ability to understand the mental states of ourselves and others. Although ToM may come naturally to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Alex Wilf , Sihyun Shawn Lee , Paul Pu Liang , Louis-Philippe Morency

For machine agents to successfully interact with humans in real-world settings, they will need to develop an understanding of human mental life. Intuitive psychology, the ability to reason about hidden mental variables that drive observable…

The prevailing approach to distilling reasoning from Large Language Models (LLMs)-behavioral cloning from textual rationales-is fundamentally limited. It teaches Small Language Models (SLMs) to mimic surface-level patterns rather than the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xiangyu Wen , Junhua Huang , Zeju Li , Min Li , Jianyuan Zhong , Zhijian Xu , Mingxuan Yuan , Yongxiang Huang , Qiang Xu

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand and reflect on the mental states of others. Although this capability is crucial for human interaction, testing on Large Language Models (LLMs) reveals that they possess only a rudimentary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Sneheel Sarangi , Maha Elgarf , Hanan Salam

The dual thinking framework considers fast, intuitive, and slower logical processing. The perception of dual thinking in vision requires images where inferences from intuitive and logical processing differ, and the latter is under-explored…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kailas Dayanandan , Nikhil Kumar , Anand Sinha , Brejesh Lall

Complex, long-horizon planning and its combinatorial nature pose steep challenges for learning-based agents. Difficulties in such settings are exacerbated in low data regimes where over-fitting stifles generalization and compounding errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Joey Hejna , Pieter Abbeel , Lerrel Pinto

Natural language has long enabled human cooperation, but its lossy, ambiguous, and indirect nature limits the potential of collective intelligence. While machines are not subject to these constraints, most LLM-based multi-agent systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yujia Zheng , Zhuokai Zhao , Zijian Li , Yaqi Xie , Mingze Gao , Lizhu Zhang , Kun Zhang

In recent years, the detection of AI-generated text has become a critical area of research due to concerns about academic integrity, misinformation, and ethical AI deployment. This paper presents COT Fine-tuned, a novel framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Shifali Agrahari , Sanasam Ranbir Singh

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as an effective approach for activating latent capabilities in LLMs. Interestingly, we observe that both CoT reasoning and self-training share the core objective: iteratively leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zongqian Wu , Baoduo Xu , Ruochen Cui , Mengmeng Zhan , Xiaofeng Zhu , Lei Feng

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting combined with few-shot in-context learning (ICL) has unlocked significant reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs). However, ICL with CoT examples is ineffective on novel tasks when the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Vignesh Kothapalli , Ata Fatahibaarzi , Hamed Firooz , Maziar Sanjabi

This survey explores recent advancements in reasoning large language models (LLMs) designed to mimic "slow thinking" - a reasoning process inspired by human cognition, as described in Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow. These models, like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Qianjun Pan , Wenkai Ji , Yuyang Ding , Junsong Li , Shilian Chen , Junyi Wang , Jie Zhou , Qin Chen , Min Zhang , Yulan Wu , Liang He

Recent Vision-Language Models (VLMs) exhibit strong perceptual reasoning abilities, yet they often struggle to adapt efficiently when encountering novel tasks at test time. In contrast, humans leverage the metacognitive model with memory,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yang Li , Zhiyuan He , Yuxuan Huang , Zhuhanling Xiao , Chao Yu , Meng Fang , Kun Shao , Jun Wang

Many AI systems focus solely on providing solutions or explaining outcomes. However, complex tasks like research and strategic thinking often benefit from a more comprehensive approach to augmenting the thinking process rather than…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Soya Park , Hari Subramonyam , Chinmay Kulkarni

Recent evidence suggests Large Language Models (LLMs) display Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. Most ToM experiments place participants in a spectatorial role, wherein they predict and interpret other agents' behavior. However, human ToM also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jared Moore , Ned Cooper , Rasmus Overmark , Beba Cibralic , Nick Haber , Cameron R. Jones

LLMs are typically trained to answer user questions or follow instructions similarly to how human experts respond. However, in the standard alignment framework they lack the basic ability of explicit thinking before answering. Thinking is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Tianhao Wu , Janice Lan , Weizhe Yuan , Jiantao Jiao , Jason Weston , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar

Intelligent agents powered by AI planning assist people in complex scenarios, such as managing teams of semi-autonomous vehicles. However, AI planning models may be incomplete, leading to plans that do not adequately meet the stated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Ronal Singh , Tim Miller , Darryn Reid

Natural language processing (NLP) aims at investigating the interactions between agents and humans, processing and analyzing large amounts of natural language data. Large-scale language models play an important role in current natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Kebing Jin , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

OpenAI o1 has shown that applying reinforcement learning to integrate reasoning steps directly during inference can significantly improve a model's reasoning capabilities. This result is exciting as the field transitions from the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jun Wang

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in various applications, yet LLMs face challenges such as limited context windows and difficulties in generalization. In this paper, we introduce a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-04 Jason Toy , Josh MacAdam , Phil Tabor