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This paper presents a technique, named STLCG, to compute the quantitative semantics of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulas using computation graphs. STLCG provides a platform which enables the incorporation of logical specifications into…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-28 Karen Leung , Nikos Aréchiga , Marco Pavone

In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a neural network controller for a system required to satisfy a Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specification. We exploit STL quantitative semantics to define a notion of robust satisfaction.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-14 Wenliang Liu , Wei Xiao , Calin Belta

Ensuring that reinforcement learning (RL) controllers satisfy safety and reliability constraints in real-world settings remains challenging: state-avoidance and constrained Markov decision processes often fail to capture trajectory-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Alper Kamil Bozkurt , Calin Belta , Ming C. Lin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as decision-support tools in data-constrained scientific workflows, where correctness and validity are critical. However, evaluation practices often emphasize stability or reproducibility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Nazia Riasat

One of the main barriers preventing widespread use of formal methods is the elicitation of formal specifications. Formal specifications facilitate the testing and verification process for safety critical robotic systems. However, handling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Bardh Hoxha , Nikolaos Mavridis , Georgios Fainekos

Temporal Logic (TL), especially Signal Temporal Logic (STL), enables precise formal specification, making it widely used in cyber-physical systems such as autonomous driving and robotics. Automatically transforming NL into STL is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yue Fang , Zhi Jin , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

Online monitoring is an effective validation approach for hybrid systems, that, at runtime, checks whether the (partial) signals of a system satisfy a specification in, e.g., Signal Temporal Logic (STL). The classic STL monitoring is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-30 Zhenya Zhang , Jie An , Paolo Arcaini , Ichiro Hasuo

A novel data-driven method for formal verification is proposed to study complex systems operating in safety-critical domains. The proposed approach is able to formally verify discrete-time stochastic dynamical systems against temporal logic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-11 Zhi Zhang , Chenyu Ma , Saleh Soudijani , Sadegh Soudjani

The timed position of documents retrieved by learning to rank models can be seen as signals. Signals carry useful information such as drop or rise of documents over time or user behaviors. In this work, we propose to use the logic formalism…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Tommaso Dreossi , Giorgio Ballardin , Parth Gupta , Jan Bakus , Yu-Hsiang Lin , Vamsi Salaka

We present a novel method for imitation learning for control requirements expressed using Signal Temporal Logic (STL). More concretely we focus on the problem of training a neural network to imitate a complex controller. The learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Thao Dang , Alexandre Donzé , Inzemamul Haque , Nikolaos Kekatos , Indranil Saha

Time-series data can represent the behaviors of autonomous systems, such as drones and self-driving cars. The task of binary and multi-class classification for time-series data has become a prominent area of research. Neural networks…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-26 Danyang Li , Roberto Tron

Time series classification is a task of paramount importance, as this kind of data often arises in safety-critical applications. However, it is typically tackled with black-box deep learning methods, making it hard for humans to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Irene Ferfoglia , Simone Silvetti , Gaia Saveri , Laura Nenzi , Luca Bortolussi

Strategy Logic (SL, for short) has been recently introduced by Mogavero, Murano, and Vardi as a useful formalism for reasoning explicitly about strategies, as first-order objects, in multi-agent concurrent games. This logic turns to be very…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Fabio Mogavero , Aniello Murano , Giuseppe Perelli , Moshe Y. Vardi

Reasoning about safety, security, and other dependability attributes of autonomous systems is a challenge that needs to be addressed before the adoption of such systems in day-to-day life. Formal methods is a class of methods that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Ashfaq Farooqui , Behrooz Sangchoolie

Temporal logics (TLs) have been widely used to formalize interpretable tasks for cyber-physical systems. Time Window Temporal Logic (TWTL) has been recently proposed as a specification language for dynamical systems. In particular, it can…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Ahmad Ahmad , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron , Calin Belta

Temporal logic specifications play an important role in a wide range of software analysis tasks, such as model checking, automated synthesis, program comprehension, and runtime monitoring. Given a set of positive and negative examples,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Changjian Zhang , Parv Kapoor , Ian Dardik , Leyi Cui , Romulo Meira-Goes , David Garlan , Eunsuk Kang

For performing robotic manipulation tasks, the core problem is determining suitable trajectories that fulfill the task requirements. Various approaches to compute such trajectories exist, being learning and optimization the main driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Akshay Dhonthi , Philipp Schillinger , Leonel Rozo , Daniele Nardi

Generating realistic simulations is critical for autonomous system applications such as self-driving and human-robot interactions. However, driving simulators nowadays still have difficulty in generating controllable, diverse, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Yue Meng , Chuchu fan

We consider the setting of stochastic multiagent systems modelled as stochastic multiplayer games and formulate an automated verification framework for quantifying and reasoning about agents' trust. To capture human trust, we work with a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Xiaowei Huang , Marta Kwiatkowska , Maciej Olejnik

Most autonomous robotic agents use logic inference to keep themselves to safe and permitted behaviour. Given a set of rules, it is important that the robot is able to establish the consistency between its rules, its perception-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-11-11 Hongyang Qu , Sandor M. Veres