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As software systems evolve, patches may unintentionally alter program behavior. Validating patches against their intended semantics is difficult due to incomplete regression tests and informal, non-executable natural language (NL)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Thanh Le-Cong , Bach Le , Toby Murray , Michael Pradel , Cristian Cadar

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has recently gained traction in natural language processing. Numerous studies and real-world applications are leveraging its ability to enhance generative models through external information retrieval.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Hao Yu , Aoran Gan , Kai Zhang , Shiwei Tong , Qi Liu , Zhaofeng Liu

Unit tests (UTs) play an instrumental role in assessing code correctness as well as providing feedback to large language models (LLMs), motivating automated test generation. However, we uncover a trade-off between generating unit test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Archiki Prasad , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Zaid Khan , Mohit Bansal

The recently proposed capability-based NLP testing allows model developers to test the functional capabilities of NLP models, revealing functional failures that cannot be detected by the traditional heldout mechanism. However, existing work…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Guanqun Yang , Mirazul Haque , Qiaochu Song , Wei Yang , Xueqing Liu

Unit testing attempts to validate the correctness of basic units of the software system under test and has a crucial role in software development and testing. Very recent work proposes a retrieve-and-edit approach to generate unit test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Quanjun Zhang , Chunrong Fang , Yi Zheng , Ruixiang Qian , Shengcheng Yu , Yuan Zhao , Jianyi Zhou , Yun Yang , Tao Zheng , Zhenyu Chen

Though many machine learning (ML)-based unit testing generation approaches have been proposed and indeed achieved remarkable performance, they still have several limitations in effectiveness and practical usage. More precisely, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Chao Ni , Xiaoya Wang , Liushan Chen , Dehai Zhao , Zhengong Cai , Shaohua Wang , Xiaohu Yang

Robustness evaluation against adversarial examples has become increasingly important to unveil the trustworthiness of the prevailing deep models in natural language processing (NLP). However, in contrast to the computer vision domain where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Bairu Hou , Jinghan Jia , Yihua Zhang , Guanhua Zhang , Yang Zhang , Sijia Liu , Shiyu Chang

Automated test generation has helped to reduce the cost of software testing. However, developing effective test oracles for these automatically generated test inputs is a challenging task. Therefore, most automated test generation tools use…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Prashanta Saha , Upulee Kanewala

Regression testing is crucial in ensuring that pure code refactoring does not adversely affect existing software functionality, but it can be expensive, accounting for half the cost of software maintenance. Automated test case generation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Claus Klammer , Dietmar Pfahl , Stefan Fischer , Rudolf Ramler

A key challenge in formal verification, particularly in Model Checking, is ensuring the correctness of the verification tools. Erroneous results on complex models can be difficult to detect, yet a high level of confidence in the outcome is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Andrea Manini , Matteo Rossi , Pierluigi San Pietro

Evaluating the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for complex, quantitative financial tasks is a critical and unsolved challenge. Standard benchmarks often fail to isolate an agent's core ability to parse queries and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Anton Kolonin , Alexey Glushchenko , Evgeny Bochkov , Abhishek Saxena

Benchmarks are among the main drivers of progress in software engineering research. However, many current benchmarks are limited by inadequate system oracles and sparse unit tests. Our Tests4Py benchmark, derived from the BugsInPy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Marius Smytzek , Martin Eberlein , Batuhan Serce , Lars Grunske , Andreas Zeller

Unit testing verifies the presence of faults in individual software components. Previous research has been targeting the automatic generation of unit tests through the adoption of random or search-based algorithms. Despite their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Fabiano Pecorelli , Giovanni Grano , Fabio Palomba , Harald C. Gall , Andrea De Lucia

Acceptance testing is a validation activity performed to ensure the conformance of software systems with respect to their functional requirements. In safety critical systems, it plays a crucial role since it is enforced by software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Chunhui Wang , Fabrizio Pastore , Arda Goknil , Lionel C. Briand

With the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, prompt engineering and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have become mainstream to enhance LLMs' performance on complex tasks. However, LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Wei Chen , Guoyang Ju , Yuanyuan Qi

Code coverage is a popular and widespread test adequacy metric that measures the percentage of program codes executed by a test suite. Despite its popularity, code coverage has several limitations. One of the major limitations is that it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Soneya Binta Hossain , Matthew B. Dwyer

Several recent works address the impact of inexact oracles in the convergence analysis of modern first-order optimization techniques, e.g. Bregman Proximal Gradient and Prox-Linear methods as well as their accelerated variants, extending…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-15 Guillaume Van Dessel , François Glineur

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems face significant performance gaps when applied to technical domains requiring precise information extraction from complex documents. Current evaluation methodologies relying on document-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Aryan Jadon , Avinash Patil , Shashank Kumar

Researchers and practitioners have designed and implemented various automated test case generators to support effective software testing. Such generators exist for various languages (e.g., Java, C#, or Python) and for various platforms…

The rapid pace of large-scale software development places increasing demands on traditional testing methodologies, often leading to bottlenecks in efficiency, accuracy, and coverage. We propose a novel perspective on software testing by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yuchen Wang , Shangxin Guo , Chee Wei Tan