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In this work, we study the out-of-distribution (OOD) detection problem through the use of the feature space of a pre-trained deep classifier. We show that learning the density of in-distribution (ID) features with an energy-based models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Marc Lafon , Clément Rambour , Nicolas Thome

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an essential approach to robustifying deep learning models, enabling them to identify inputs that fall outside of their trained distribution. Existing OOD detection methods usually depend on crafted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yifan Wu , Xichen Ye , Songmin Dai , Dengye Pan , Xiaoqiang Li , Weizhong Zhang , Yifan Chen

Our work investigates out-of-distribution (OOD) detection as a neural network output explanation problem. We learn a heatmap representation for detecting OOD images while visualizing in- and out-of-distribution image regions at the same…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Julia Hornauer , Vasileios Belagiannis

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to prevent anomalous inputs from causing a model to fail during deployment. While improved OOD detection methods have emerged, they often rely on the final layer outputs and require a full…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Ziqian Lin , Sreya Dutta Roy , Yixuan Li

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out of distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of making machine learning systems robust. The ImageNet-O dataset is an important tool in testing the robustness of ImageNet trained deep neural networks that are widely used across a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Anugya Srivastava , Shriya Jain , Mugdha Thigle

Many neural network-based out-of-distribution (OoD) detection methods have been proposed. However, they require many training data for each target task. We propose a simple yet effective meta-learning method to detect OoD with small…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Atsutoshi Kumagai

Density-based Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently been shown unreliable for the task of detecting OOD images. Various density ratio based approaches achieve good empirical performance, however methods typically lack a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-09 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Tim Z. Xiao , Yitong Sun , Steven McDonagh

Several density estimation methods have shown to fail to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by assigning higher likelihoods to anomalous data. Energy-based models (EBMs) are flexible, unnormalized density models which seem to be able…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Sven Elflein , Bertrand Charpentier , Daniel Zügner , Stephan Günnemann

Today, deep learning is increasingly applied in security-critical situations such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis. Despite its success, the behavior and robustness of deep networks are not fully understood yet, posing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Sven Elflein

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., identifying whether an input is sampled from a novel distribution other than the training distribution, is a critical task for safely deploying machine learning systems in the open world. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Feng Xue , Zi He , Chuanlong Xie , Falong Tan , Zhenguo Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial when deploying deep neural networks in the real world to ensure the reliability and safety of their applications. One main challenge in OOD detection is that neural network models often produce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jinlun Ye , Zhuohao Sun , Yiqiao Qiu , Qiu Li , Zhijun Tan , Ruixuan Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to handle the distribution shifts between training and test scenarios. For a new in-distribution (ID) dataset, existing methods require retraining to capture the dataset-specific feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Meng Xing , Zhiyong Feng , Yong Su , Changjae Oh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for deploying machine learning models in the real world, where test data from shifted distributions can naturally arise. While a plethora of algorithmic approaches have recently emerged for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Peyman Morteza , Yixuan Li

Recent research underscores the pivotal role of the Out-of-Distribution (OOD) feature representation field scale in determining the efficacy of models in OOD detection. Consequently, the adoption of model ensembles has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Chenhui Xu , Fuxun Yu , Zirui Xu , Nathan Inkawhich , Xiang Chen

The core of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to learn the in-distribution (ID) representation, which is distinguishable from OOD samples. Previous work applied recognition-based methods to learn the ID features, which tend to learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Zexin He , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important task in machine learning systems for ensuring their reliability and safety. Deep probabilistic generative models facilitate OOD detection by estimating the likelihood of a data sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jaemoo Choi , Changyeon Yoon , Jeongwoo Bae , Myungjoo Kang

Recent remarkable success in the deep-learning industries has unprecedentedly increased the need for reliable model deployment. For example, the model should alert the user if the produced model outputs might not be reliable. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Dasol Choi , Dongbin Na

The ability to detect Out-of-Distribution (OOD) data is important in safety-critical applications of deep learning. The aim is to separate In-Distribution (ID) data drawn from the training distribution from OOD data using a measure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Guoxuan Xia , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger
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