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Dropout is a standard training technique for neural networks that consists of randomly deactivating units at each step of their gradient-based training. It is known to improve performance in many settings, including in the large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Lénaïc Chizat , Pierre Marion , Yerkin Yesbay

Dropout is a simple but efficient regularization technique for achieving better generalization of deep neural networks (DNNs); hence it is widely used in tasks based on DNNs. During training, dropout randomly discards a portion of the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Hiroshi Inoue

Dropout and DropConnect are well-known techniques that apply a consistent drop rate to randomly deactivate neurons or edges in a neural network layer during training. This paper introduces a novel methodology that assigns dynamic drop rates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yuan-Chih Yang , Hung-Hsuan Chen

Optimization plays a key role in the training of deep neural networks. Deciding when to stop training can have a substantial impact on the performance of the network during inference. Under certain conditions, the generalization error can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Florian Dubost , Erin Hong , Max Pike , Siddharth Sharma , Siyi Tang , Nandita Bhaskhar , Christopher Lee-Messer , Daniel Rubin

Over-parameterized models, such as large deep networks, often exhibit a double descent phenomenon, whereas a function of model size, error first decreases, increases, and decreases at last. This intriguing double descent behavior also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Reinhard Heckel , Fatih Furkan Yilmaz

Deep neural networks can achieve remarkable generalization performances while interpolating the training data perfectly. Rather than the U-curve emblematic of the bias-variance trade-off, their test error often follows a "double descent" -…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Maria Refinetti , Giulio Biroli , Florent Krzakala

A regression model with more parameters than data points in the training data is overparametrized and has the capability to interpolate the training data. Based on the classical bias-variance tradeoff expressions, it is commonly assumed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Tomas McKelvey

Epoch-wise double descent is the phenomenon where generalisation performance improves beyond the point of overfitting, resulting in a generalisation curve exhibiting two descents under the course of learning. Understanding the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Amanda Olmin , Fredrik Lindsten

The double descent phenomenon, which deviates from the traditional bias-variance trade-off theory, attracts considerable research attention; however, the mechanism of its occurrence is not fully understood. On the other hand, in the study…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Shun Iwase , Shuya Takahashi , Nakamasa Inoue , Rio Yokota , Ryo Nakamura , Hirokatsu Kataoka

Conventional statistical wisdom established a well-understood relationship between model complexity and prediction error, typically presented as a U-shaped curve reflecting a transition between under- and overfitting regimes. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-31 Alicia Curth , Alan Jeffares , Mihaela van der Schaar

This paper first answers the question "why do the two most powerful techniques Dropout and Batch Normalization (BN) often lead to a worse performance when they are combined together?" in both theoretical and statistical aspects.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Xiang Li , Shuo Chen , Xiaolin Hu , Jian Yang

Dropout is known as an effective way to reduce overfitting via preventing co-adaptations of units. In this paper, we theoretically prove that the co-adaptation problem still exists after using dropout due to the correlations among the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Shen Li , Chenhao Su , Renfen Hu , Zhengdong Lu

Deep neural networks are known to exhibit a `double descent' behavior as the number of parameters increases. Recently, it has also been shown that an `epochwise double descent' effect exists in which the generalization error initially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Cory Stephenson , Tyler Lee

Despite dropout's ubiquity in machine learning, its effectiveness as a form of data augmentation remains under-explored. We address two key questions: (i) When is dropout effective as an augmentation strategy? (ii) Is dropout uniquely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Rickard Brüel-Gabrielsson , Tongzhou Wang , Manel Baradad , Justin Solomon

In order to develop complex relationships between their inputs and outputs, deep neural networks train and adjust large number of parameters. To make these networks work at high accuracy, vast amounts of data are needed. Sometimes, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Joshua Shunk

Recently, dropout has seen increasing use in deep learning. For deep convolutional neural networks, dropout is known to work well in fully-connected layers. However, its effect in convolutional and pooling layers is still not clear. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-02 Haibing Wu , Xiaodong Gu

It has been observed by Belkin et al.\ that over-parametrized neural networks exhibit a `double descent' phenomenon. That is, as the model complexity (as reflected in the number of features) increases, the test error initially decreases,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Vivek Shripad Borkar

In this expository note we describe a surprising phenomenon in overparameterized linear regression, where the dimension exceeds the number of samples: there is a regime where the test risk of the estimator found by gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-17 Preetum Nakkiran

Dropout is a very effective way of regularizing neural networks. Stochastically "dropping out" units with a certain probability discourages over-specific co-adaptations of feature detectors, preventing overfitting and improving network…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-04 Pietro Morerio , Jacopo Cavazza , Riccardo Volpi , Rene Vidal , Vittorio Murino

`Double descent' delineates the generalization behaviour of models depending on the regime they belong to: under- or over-parameterized. The current theoretical understanding behind the occurrence of this phenomenon is primarily based on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-15 Sidak Pal Singh , Aurelien Lucchi , Thomas Hofmann , Bernhard Schölkopf