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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with event-based computation are promising brain-inspired models for energy-efficient applications on neuromorphic hardware. However, most supervised SNN training methods, such as conversion from artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Learning is based on synaptic plasticity, which affects and is driven by neural activity. Because pre- and postsynaptic spiking activity is shaped by randomness, the synaptic weights follow a stochastic process, requiring a probabilistic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-14 Jakob Stubenrauch , Naomi Auer , Richard Kempter , Benjamin Lindner

A vast majority of computation in the brain is performed by spiking neural networks. Despite the ubiquity of such spiking, we currently lack an understanding of how biological spiking neural circuits learn and compute in-vivo, as well as…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-05-31 Friedemann Zenke , Surya Ganguli

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with leaky integrate and fire (LIF) neurons, can be operated in an event-driven manner and have internal states to retain information over time, providing opportunities for energy-efficient neuromorphic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Wachirawit Ponghiran , Kaushik Roy

Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) is an unsupervised learning mechanism for Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that has received significant attention from the neuromorphic hardware community. However, scaling such local learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Sen Lu , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) can reduce energy consumption compared to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) when spiking activity is sparse and the neuron model is hardware-friendly. However, biologically faithful models are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Pascal Harmeling , Florent De Geeter , Guillaume Drion

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient solution by utilizing the spike-based and sparse nature of biological systems. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on long…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yan Zhong , Ruoyu Zhao , Chao Wang , Qinghai Guo , Jianguo Zhang , Zhichao Lu , Luziwei Leng

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise orders-of-magnitude efficiency gains by communicating with sparse, event-driven spikes rather than dense numerical activations. However, most training pipelines either rely on surrogate-gradient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Arman Ferdowsi , Atakan Aral

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as a brain-inspired approach, is attracting attention due to its potential to produce ultra-high-energy-efficient hardware. Competitive learning based on Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) is a popular…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Mingyuan Meng , Xingyu Yang , Shanlin Xiao , Zhiyi Yu

Spiking neural networks play an important role in brain-like neuromorphic computations and in studying working mechanisms of neural circuits. One drawback of training a large scale spiking neural network is that updating all weights is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-15 Zhanghan Lin , Haiping Huang

Compared with artificial neural networks (ANNs), spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising to explore the brain-like behaviors since the spikes could encode more spatio-temporal information. Although pre-training from ANN or direct…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Yujie Wu , Lei Deng , Guoqi Li , Jun Zhu , Luping Shi

In recent years, Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks (RSNNs) have shown promising potential in long-term temporal modeling. Many studies focus on improving neuron models and also integrate recurrent structures, leveraging their synergistic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Shang Xu , Jiayu Zhang , Ziming Wang , Runhao Jiang , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are promising biologically plausible models of computation which utilize a spiking binary activation function similar to that of biological neurons. SNNs are well positioned to process spatiotemporal data, and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Boxun Xu , Richard Boone , Peng Li

Ensuring energy-efficient design in neuromorphic computing systems necessitates a tailored architecture combined with algorithmic approaches. This manuscript focuses on enhancing brain-inspired perceptual computing machines through a novel…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Ali Shiri Sichani , Sai Kankatala

Spikes are the currency in central nervous systems for information transmission and processing. They are also believed to play an essential role in low-power consumption of the biological systems, whose efficiency attracts increasing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Qiang Yu , Shenglan Li , Huajin Tang , Longbiao Wang , Jianwu Dang , Kay Chen Tan

Spike-based neuromorphic hardware has demonstrated substantial potential in low energy consumption and efficient inference. However, the direct training of deep spiking neural networks is challenging, and conversion-based methods still…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yang Li , Xiang He , Qingqun Kong , Yi Zeng

Bio-inspired neuromorphic hardware is a research direction to approach brain's computational power and energy efficiency. Spiking neural networks (SNN) encode information as sparsely distributed spike trains and employ…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Haowem Fang , Amar Shrestha , De Ma , Qinru Qiu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically plausible framework for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. However, it is a challenge to train SNNs due to their non-differentiability, efficiently. Existing gradient approximation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Changqing Xu , Ziqiang Yang , Yi Liu , Xinfang Liao , Guiqi Mo , Hao Zeng , Yintang Yang

At present, implementation of learning mechanisms in spiking neural networks (SNN) cannot be considered as a solved scientific problem despite plenty of SNN learning algorithms proposed. It is also true for SNN implementation of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Mikhail Kiselev

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer high energy efficiency and event-driven computation, ideal for low-power edge AI. Their hardware implementation on FPGAs, however, faces challenges due to heavy computation, large memory use, and limited…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Mohammad Javad Sekonji , Ali Mahani , Maryam Mirsadeghi , Mahdi Taheri
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