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Large Language Models' (LLMs) ability to converse naturally is empowered by their ability to empathetically understand and respond to their users. However, emotional experiences are shaped by demographic and cultural contexts. This raises…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Ananya Malik , Nazanin Sabri , Melissa Karnaze , Mai Elsherief

Differentiating generated and human-written content is increasingly difficult. We examine how an incentive to convey humanness and task characteristics shape this human vs AI race across five studies. In Study 1-2 (n=530 and n=610) humans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Bennett Kleinberg , Jari Zegers , Jonas Festor , Stefana Vida , Julian Präsent , Riccardo Loconte , Sanne Peereboom

Conversational breakdowns in close relationships are deeply shaped by personal histories and emotional context, yet most NLP research treats conflict detection as a general task, overlooking the relational dynamics that influence how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jocelyn Shen , Akhila Yerukola , Xuhui Zhou , Cynthia Breazeal , Maarten Sap , Hae Won Park

Understanding emotions is fundamental to human interaction and experience. Humans easily infer emotions from situations or facial expressions, situations from emotions, and do a variety of other affective cognition. How adept is modern AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Kanishk Gandhi , Zoe Lynch , Jan-Philipp Fränken , Kayla Patterson , Sharon Wambu , Tobias Gerstenberg , Desmond C. Ong , Noah D. Goodman

With the development of speech large language models (speech LLMs), users can now interact directly with assistants via speech. However, most existing models only convert response content into speech without fully capturing the rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Haoyu Wang , Guangyan Zhang , Jiale Chen , Jingyu Li , Yuehai Wang , Yiwen Guo

The majority of existing methods for empathetic response generation rely on the emotion of the context to generate empathetic responses. However, empathy is much more than generating responses with an appropriate emotion. It also often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Navonil Majumder , Deepanway Ghosal , Devamanyu Hazarika , Alexander Gelbukh , Rada Mihalcea , Soujanya Poria

The double empathy problem recasts the difficulty of forming empathy bonds in social interactions between autistic and neurotypical individuals as a bidirectional problem, rather than due to a deficit exclusive to the person on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-04 Enrique Calderoli , Maria Cristina Varriale , Flávio Kapczinski

The first objective of this paper are to introduce a strong theoretical concept as a proposed model that visualizes the process of realizing empathy, based on the ample analysis of the collected work in the survey. Secondly, the intended…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Marialejandra Garcia Corretjer , David Miralles , Raquel Ros

Conceptual operationalizations of empathy in NLP are varied, with some having specific behaviors and properties, while others are more abstract. How these variations relate to one another and capture properties of empathy observable in text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Allison Lahnala , Charles Welch , David Jurgens , Lucie Flek

Empathy is increasingly recognized as a key factor in human-AI communication, yet conventional approaches to "digital empathy" often focus on simulating internal, human-like emotional states while overlooking the inherently subjective,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jina Suh , Lindy Le , Erfan Shayegani , Gonzalo Ramos , Judith Amores , Desmond C. Ong , Mary Czerwinski , Javier Hernandez

Automated prediction of valence, one key feature of a person's emotional state, from individuals' personal narratives may provide crucial information for mental healthcare (e.g. early diagnosis of mental diseases, supervision of disease…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Aniruddha Tammewar , Alessandra Cervone , Eva-Maria Messner , Giuseppe Riccardi

Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh

Based on the WASSA 2022 Shared Task on Empathy Detection and Emotion Classification, we predict the level of empathic concern and personal distress displayed in essays. For the first stage of this project we implemented a Feed-Forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Manisha Singh , Divy Sharma , Alonso Ma , Nora Goldfine

Measuring empathy in conversation can be challenging, as empathy is a complex and multifaceted psychological construct that involves both cognitive and emotional components. Human evaluations can be subjective, leading to inconsistent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Bushra Amjad , Muhammad Zeeshan , Mirza Omer Beg

Empathy, as defined in behavioral sciences, expresses the ability of human beings to recognize, understand and react to emotions, attitudes and beliefs of others. The lack of an operational definition of empathy makes it difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Firoj Alam , Morena Danieli , Giuseppe Riccardi

Virtual and robotic agents capable of perceiving human empathy have the potential to participate in engaging and meaningful human-machine interactions that support human well-being. Prior research in computational empathy has focused on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Leena Mathur , Micol Spitale , Hao Xi , Jieyun Li , Maja J Matarić

Processing human affective behavior is important for developing intelligent agents that interact with humans in complex interaction scenarios. A large number of current approaches that address this problem focus on classifying emotion…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Pablo Barros , Nikhil Churamani , Angelica Lim , Stefan Wermter

Large pre-trained neural language models have supported the effectiveness of many NLP tasks, yet are still prone to generating toxic language hindering the safety of their use. Using empathetic data, we improve over recent work on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Allison Lahnala , Charles Welch , Béla Neuendorf , Lucie Flek

Empathetic response generation is designed to comprehend the emotions of others and select the most appropriate strategies to assist them in resolving emotional challenges. Empathy can be categorized into cognitive empathy and affective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Yuxuan Hu , Minghuan Tan , Chenwei Zhang , Zixuan Li , Xiaodan Liang , Min Yang , Chengming Li , Xiping Hu

With large language models (LLMs) becoming increasingly prevalent in daily life, so too has the tendency to attribute to them human-like minds and emotions, or anthropomorphize them. Here, we investigate dimensions people use to…