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Related papers: Does ChatGPT have Theory of Mind?

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Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute beliefs, intentions, or mental states to others, is a crucial feature of human social interaction. In complex environments, where the human sensory system reaches its limits, behaviour is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Francesca Bianco , Silvia Rigato , Maria Laura Filippetti , Dimitri Ognibene

Machine learning of Theory of Mind (ToM) is essential to build social agents that co-live with humans and other agents. This capacity, once acquired, will help machines infer the mental states of others from observed contextual action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Dung Nguyen , Phuoc Nguyen , Hung Le , Kien Do , Svetha Venkatesh , Truyen Tran

Neural Theory-of-Mind (N-ToM), machine's ability to understand and keep track of the mental states of others, is pivotal in developing socially intelligent agents. However, prevalent N-ToM benchmarks have several shortcomings, including the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hainiu Xu , Runcong Zhao , Lixing Zhu , Jinhua Du , Yulan He

Large Language models are revolutionizing the conversational recommender systems through their impressive capabilities in instruction comprehension, reasoning, and human interaction. A core factor underlying effective recommendation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Mengfan Li , Xuanhua Shi , Yang Deng

The last couple of years have witnessed emerging research that appropriates Theory-of-Mind (ToM) tasks designed for humans to benchmark LLM's ToM capabilities as an indication of LLM's social intelligence. However, this approach has a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Qiaosi Wang , Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap , Jodi Forlizzi , Hong Shen

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to others, is a hallmark of social intelligence. While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate promising performance on standard ToM benchmarks, we observe that they often fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mengfan Li , Xuanhua Shi , Yang Deng

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities in Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks; however, their ability to perform Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks, such as inferring human intentions, beliefs, and mental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ximing Wen , Mallika Mainali , Anik Sen

When researchers claim AI systems possess ToM or mental models, they are fundamentally discussing behavioral predictions and bias corrections rather than genuine mental states. This position paper argues that the current discourse conflates…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Xiaoyun Yin , Elmira Zahmat Doost , Shiwen Zhou , Garima Arya Yadav , Jamie C. Gorman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown a promise and emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability and even outperform humans in certain ToM tasks. To evaluate and extend the boundaries of the ToM reasoning ability of LLMs, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Weizhi Tang , Vaishak Belle

"Thinking is for Doing." Humans can infer other people's mental states from observations--an ability called Theory-of-Mind (ToM)--and subsequently act pragmatically on those inferences. Existing question answering benchmarks such as ToMi…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked substantial interest and debate concerning their potential emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability. Theory of mind evaluations currently focuses on testing models using machine-generated data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Chunkit Chan , Cheng Jiayang , Yauwai Yim , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Haoran Li , Xin Liu , Hongming Zhang , Weiqi Wang , Yangqiu Song

Understanding how humans attribute beliefs, goals, and intentions to others, known as theory of mind (ToM), is critical in the context of human-computer interaction. Despite various metrics used to assess ToM, the interplay between…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Thuy Ngoc Nguyen , Jeffrey Flagg , Cleotilde Gonzalez

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence have produced agents that can beat human world champions at games like Go, Starcraft, and Dota2. However, most of these models do not seem to play in a human-like manner: People infer others'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Terence X. Lim , Sidney Tio , Desmond C. Ong

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to infer others' knowledge, intentions, and emotions, is commonly evaluated in large language models (LLMs) using end-point question answering, where performance is judged solely by the final answer to a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Adam Bawatneh , Sagar Sapkota , Amrit Singh Bedi , Santu Karmaker , Mubarak Shah

When reading a story, humans can quickly understand new fictional characters with a few observations, mainly by drawing analogies to fictional and real people they already know. This reflects the few-shot and meta-learning essence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Mo Yu , Qiujing Wang , Shunchi Zhang , Yisi Sang , Kangsheng Pu , Zekai Wei , Han Wang , Liyan Xu , Jing Li , Yue Yu , Jie Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly tested for a "Theory of Mind" (ToM) - the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. Yet most evaluations stop at explicit belief attribution in classical toy stories or stylized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuling Gu , Oyvind Tafjord , Hyunwoo Kim , Jared Moore , Ronan Le Bras , Peter Clark , Yejin Choi

Theory of mind (ToM) evaluations currently focus on testing models using passive narratives that inherently lack interactivity. We introduce FANToM, a new benchmark designed to stress-test ToM within information-asymmetric conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Hyunwoo Kim , Melanie Sclar , Xuhui Zhou , Ronan Le Bras , Gunhee Kim , Yejin Choi , Maarten Sap

Theory of Mind (ToM) in Large Language Models (LLMs) refers to the model's ability to infer the mental states of others, with failures in this ability often manifesting as systemic implicit biases. Assessing this challenge is difficult, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Yanlin Li , Hao Liu , Huimin Liu , Kun Wang , Yinwei Wei , Yupeng Hu

Language models are increasingly being deployed for general problem solving across a wide range of tasks, but are still confined to token-level, left-to-right decision-making processes during inference. This means they can fall short in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Shunyu Yao , Dian Yu , Jeffrey Zhao , Izhak Shafran , Thomas L. Griffiths , Yuan Cao , Karthik Narasimhan

In complex environments, where the human sensory system reaches its limits, our behaviour is strongly driven by our beliefs about the state of the world around us. Accessing others' beliefs, intentions, or mental states in general, could…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Francesca Bianco , Dimitri Ognibene
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