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Bilevel optimization enjoys a wide range of applications in emerging machine learning and signal processing problems such as hyper-parameter optimization, image reconstruction, meta-learning, adversarial training, and reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Han Shen , Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization problems, also known as simple bilevel optimization, where we minimize a smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex constrained optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Ruichen Jiang , Nazanin Abolfazli , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

We design and analyze a novel accelerated gradient-based algorithm for a class of bilevel optimization problems. These problems have various applications arising from machine learning and image processing, where optimal solutions of the two…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-20 Sepideh Samadi , Daniel Burbano , Farzad Yousefian

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo

Bilevel learning refers to machine learning problems that can be formulated as bilevel optimization models, where decisions are organized in a hierarchical structure. This paradigm has recently gained considerable attention in machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo , Alain Zemkoho

Bi-level optimization, especially the gradient-based category, has been widely used in the deep learning community including hyperparameter optimization and meta-knowledge extraction. Bi-level optimization embeds one problem within another…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Can Chen , Xi Chen , Chen Ma , Zixuan Liu , Xue Liu

Bilevel Optimization has experienced significant advancements recently with the introduction of new efficient algorithms. Mirroring the success in single-level optimization, stochastic gradient-based algorithms are widely used in bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Junyi Li , Heng Huang

Bilevel optimization is a central tool in machine learning for high-dimensional hyperparameter tuning. Its applications are vast; for instance, in imaging it can be used for learning data-adaptive regularizers and optimizing forward…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Mohammad Sadegh Salehi , Subhadip Mukherjee , Lindon Roberts , Matthias J. Ehrhardt

We introduce a framework based on bilevel programming that unifies gradient-based hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. We show that an approximate version of the bilevel problem can be solved by taking into explicit account the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-04 Luca Franceschi , Paolo Frasconi , Saverio Salzo , Riccardo Grazzi , Massimilano Pontil

Bilevel optimization has become a powerful framework in various machine learning applications including meta-learning, hyperparameter optimization, and network architecture search. There are generally two classes of bilevel optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Kaiyi Ji

Bilevel optimization has witnessed a resurgence of interest, driven by its critical role in trustworthy and efficient AI applications. While many recent works have established convergence to stationary points or local minima, obtaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

We consider simple bilevel optimization problems where the goal is to compute among the optimal solutions of a composite convex optimization problem, one that minimizes a secondary objective function. Our main contribution is threefold. (i)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-14 Sepideh Samadi , Daniel Burbano , Farzad Yousefian

Bilevel optimization, in which one optimization problem is nested inside another, underlies many machine learning applications with a hierarchical structure -- such as meta-learning and hyperparameter optimization. Such applications often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Andrew Lowy , Daogao Liu

In this paper, we consider bilevel optimization problem where the lower-level has coupled constraints, i.e. the constraints depend both on the upper- and lower-level variables. In particular, we consider two settings for the lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Xiaotian Jiang , Jiaxiang Li , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

This paper presents a comprehensive review of techniques proposed in the literature for solving bilevel optimization problems encountered in various real-life applications. Bilevel optimization is an appropriate choice for hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-06 Dhaval Pujara , Ankur Sinha

Bilevel Optimization Programming is used to model complex and conflicting interactions between agents, for example in Robust AI or Privacy-preserving AI. Integrating bilevel mathematical programming within deep learning is thus an essential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Francesco Alesiani

Bilevel programs are optimization problems where some variables are solutions to optimization problems themselves, and they arise in a variety of control applications, including: control of vehicle traffic networks, inverse reinforcement…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-27 Aurélien Ouattara , Anil Aswani

Bilevel optimization has found extensive applications in modern machine learning problems such as hyperparameter optimization, neural architecture search, meta-learning, etc. While bilevel problems with a unique inner minimal point (e.g.,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-09 Daouda Sow , Kaiyi Ji , Ziwei Guan , Yingbin Liang

Bilevel optimization and bilevel minimax optimization have recently emerged as unifying frameworks for a range of machine-learning tasks, including hyperparameter optimization and reinforcement learning. The existing literature focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xuelin Zhang , Peipei Yuan

Bilevel optimization is a key framework in hierarchical decision-making, where one problem is embedded within the constraints of another. In this work, we propose a control-theoretic approach to solving bilevel optimization problems. Our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Sina Sharifi , Nazanin Abolfazli , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Mahyar Fazlyab
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