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The exponential growth of social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook has revolutionized textual communication and textual content publication in human society. However, they have been increasingly exploited to propagate toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Wenxuan Wang , Jen-tse Huang , Weibin Wu , Jianping Zhang , Yizhan Huang , Shuqing Li , Pinjia He , Michael Lyu

Online toxic content has grown into a pervasive phenomenon, intensifying during times of crisis, elections, and social unrest. A significant amount of research has been focused on detecting or analyzing toxic content using machine-learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gautam Kishore Shahi , Tim A. Majchrzak

With increasing attention to online anti-social behaviors such as personal attacks and bigotry, it is critical to have an accurate accounting of how widespread anti-social behaviors are. In this paper, we empirically measure the prevalence…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Joon Sung Park , Joseph Seering , Michael S. Bernstein

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity due to their ability to perform a wide array of natural language tasks. Text-based content moderation is one LLM use case that has received recent enthusiasm, however, there is little…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Deepak Kumar , Yousef AbuHashem , Zakir Durumeric

In the digital age, hate speech poses a threat to the functioning of social media platforms as spaces for public discourse. Top-down approaches to moderate hate speech encounter difficulties due to conflicts with freedom of expression and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jana Lasser , Alina Herderich , Joshua Garland , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , David Garcia , Mirta Galesic

Moderation is crucial to promoting healthy on-line discussions. Although several `toxicity' detection datasets and models have been published, most of them ignore the context of the posts, implicitly assuming that comments maybe judged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 John Pavlopoulos , Jeffrey Sorensen , Lucas Dixon , Nithum Thain , Ion Androutsopoulos

Long-context understanding poses significant challenges in natural language processing, particularly for real-world dialogues characterized by speech-based elements, high redundancy, and uneven information density. Although large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yongxuan Wu , Runyu Chen , Peiyu Liu , Hongjin Qian

Extensive efforts in automated approaches for content moderation have been focused on developing models to identify toxic, offensive, and hateful content with the aim of lightening the load for moderators. Yet, it remains uncertain whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yang Trista Cao , Lovely-Frances Domingo , Sarah Ann Gilbert , Michelle Mazurek , Katie Shilton , Hal Daumé

The prevalence of harmful content on social media platforms poses significant risks to users and society, necessitating more effective and scalable content moderation strategies. Current approaches rely on human moderators, supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Akash Bonagiri , Lucen Li , Rajvardhan Oak , Zeerak Babar , Magdalena Wojcieszak , Anshuman Chhabra

Effective content moderation systems require explicit classification criteria, yet online communities like subreddits often operate with diverse, implicit standards. This work introduces a novel approach to identify and extract these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Youngwoo Kim , Himanshu Beniwal , Steven L. Johnson , Thomas Hartvigsen

Hate speech is plaguing the cyberspace along with user-generated content. This paper investigates the role of conversational context in the annotation and detection of online hate and counter speech, where context is defined as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Xinchen Yu , Eduardo Blanco , Lingzi Hong

Online hate speech is associated with substantial social harms, yet it remains unclear how consistently platforms enforce hate speech policies or whether enforcement is feasible at scale. We address these questions through a global audit of…

Roblox is among the most popular online gaming platforms, used by hundreds of millions of users every day. A substantial portion of these users are underage, who are at a greater risk, where abusive users may utilize Roblox's real-time chat…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Priya Kaushik , Sonja Brown , Rakibul Hasan , Sazzadur Rahaman

The widespread dissemination of hate speech, harassment, harmful and sexual content, and violence across websites and media platforms presents substantial challenges and provokes widespread concern among different sectors of society.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Nouar AlDahoul , Myles Joshua Toledo Tan , Harishwar Reddy Kasireddy , Yasir Zaki

Social media conversations frequently suffer from toxicity, creating significant issues for users, moderators, and entire communities. Events in the real world, like elections or conflicts, can initiate and escalate toxic behavior online.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Wondimagegnhue Tsegaye Tufa , Ilia Markov , Piek Vossen

Software projects thrive on the involvement and contributions of individuals from different backgrounds. However, toxic language and negative interactions can hinder the participation and retention of contributors and alienate newcomers.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Mia Mohammad Imran , Robert Zita , Rebekah Copeland , Preetha Chatterjee , Rahat Rizvi Rahman , Kostadin Damevski

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

This paper investigates the use of machine learning models for the classification of unhealthy online conversations containing one or more forms of subtler abuse, such as hostility, sarcasm, and generalization. We leveraged a public dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Shlok Gilda , Mirela Silva , Luiz Giovanini , Daniela Oliveira

Online harassment and abusive language continue to be a growing concern on social media platforms. In this study, we explore the power of group dynamics to shape the toxicity of Twitter conversations. First, we examine how the presence of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Ana Aleksandric , Mohit Singhal , Anne Groggel , Shirin Nilizadeh

Toxic language remains an ongoing challenge on social media platforms, presenting significant issues for users and communities. This paper provides a cross-topic and cross-lingual analysis of toxicity in Reddit conversations. We collect 1.5…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Wondimagegnhue Tsegaye Tufa , Ilia Markov , Piek Vossen