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Related papers: Toxicity Inspector: A Framework to Evaluate Ground…

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Tool-calling agents are evaluated on tool selection, parameter accuracy, and scope recognition, yet LLM trajectory assessments remain inherently post-hoc. Disconnected from the active execution loop, such assessments identify errors that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Anh Ta , Junjie Zhu , Shahin Shayandeh

Large Transformer-based language models can aid human authors by suggesting plausible continuations of text written so far. However, current interactive writing assistants do not allow authors to guide text generation in desired topical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Jiaming Yuan , Mohit Iyyer , Andrew McCallum

The rise of hate speech on online platforms has led to an urgent need for effective content moderation. However, the subjective and multi-faceted nature of hateful online content, including implicit hate speech, poses significant challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Uma Gunturi , Xiaohan Ding , Eugenia H. Rho

Detecting "toxic" language in internet content is a pressing social and technical challenge. In this work, we focus on PERSPECTIVE from Jigsaw, a state-of-the-art tool that promises to score the "toxicity" of text, with a recent model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Lorena Piedras , Lucas Rosenblatt , Julia Wilkins

Agentic systems are becoming more capable: agents define strategies, take actions, and interact with different environments. This autonomy poses serious challenges for overseeing and assessing agent behavior. Most current tools are limited,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

Programming is a fundamentally interactive process, yet coding assistants are often evaluated using static benchmarks that fail to measure how well models collaborate with users. We introduce an interactive evaluation pipeline to examine…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jane Pan , Ryan Shar , Jacob Pfau , Ameet Talwalkar , He He , Valerie Chen

Lack of moderation in online communities enables participants to incur in personal aggression, harassment or cyberbullying, issues that have been accentuated by extremist radicalisation in the contemporary post-truth politics scenario. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Nestor Rodriguez , Sergio Rojas-Galeano

Recent advances in text-to-speech (TTS) technology have enabled systems to generate speech that is often indistinguishable from human speech, bringing benefits to accessibility, content creation, and human-computer interaction. However,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Yifan Yang , Hui Wang , Bing Han , Shujie Liu , Jinyu Li , Yong Qin , Xie Chen

Human evaluation plays a crucial role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) as it assesses the quality and relevance of developed systems, thereby facilitating their enhancement. However, the absence of widely accepted human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Iva Bojic , Jessica Chen , Si Yuan Chang , Qi Chwen Ong , Shafiq Joty , Josip Car

Mental-health support is increasingly mediated by conversational systems (e.g., LLM-based tools), but users often lack structured ways to audit the quality and potential risks of the support they receive. We introduce CounselReflect, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yahan Li , Chaohao Du , Zeyang Li , Christopher Chun Kuizon , Shupeng Cheng , Angel Hsing-Chi Hwang , Adam C. Frank , Ruishan Liu

We present a rigorous, human-in-the-loop evaluation framework for assessing the performance of AI agents on the task of Air Traffic Control, grounded in a regulator-certified simulator-based curriculum used for training and testing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ben Carvell , Marc Thomas , Andrew Pace , Christopher Dorney , George De Ath , Richard Everson , Nick Pepper , Adam Keane , Samuel Tomlinson , Richard Cannon

Online abuse has grown increasingly complex, spanning toxic language, harassment, manipulation, and fraudulent behavior. Traditional machine-learning approaches dependent on static classifiers and labor-intensive labeling struggle to keep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Suraj Kath , Sanket Badhe , Preet Shah , Ashwin Sampathkumar , Shivani Gupta

Beyond individual languages, multilingual natural language processing (NLP) research increasingly aims to develop models that perform well across languages generally. However, evaluating these systems on all the world's languages is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Esther Ploeger , Wessel Poelman , Andreas Holck Høeg-Petersen , Anders Schlichtkrull , Miryam de Lhoneux , Johannes Bjerva

Large Language Models remain vulnerable to adversarial prompts that elicit toxic content even after safety alignment. We present ToxSearch, a black-box evolutionary framework that tests model safety by evolving prompts in a synchronous…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Onkar Shelar , Travis Desell

Given the dynamic nature of toxic language use, automated methods for detecting toxic spans are likely to encounter distributional shift. To explore this phenomenon, we evaluate three approaches for detecting toxic spans under cross-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Stefan F. Schouten , Baran Barbarestani , Wondimagegnhue Tufa , Piek Vossen , Ilia Markov

Poor data quality limits the advantageous power of Machine Learning (ML) and weakens high-performing ML software systems. Nowadays, data are more prone to the risk of poor quality due to their increasing volume and complexity. Therefore,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Manal Rahal , Bestoun S. Ahmed , Gergely Szabados , Torgny Fornstedt , Jorgen Samuelsson

The censorship of toxic comments is often left to the judgment of imperfect models. Perspective API, a creation of Google technology incubator Jigsaw, is perhaps the most widely used toxicity classifier in industry; the model is employed by…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Elizabeth Reichert , Helen Qiu , Jasmine Bayrooti

Toxicity detection mitigates the dissemination of toxic content (e.g., hateful comments, posts, and messages within online social actions) to safeguard a healthy online social environment. However, malicious users persistently develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hankun Kang , Xin Miao , Jianhao Chen , Jintao Wen , Mayi Xu , Weiyu Zhang , Wenpeng Lu , Tieyun Qian

Conversational agents are systems with a conversational interface that afford interaction in spoken language. These systems are becoming prevalent and are preferred in various contexts and for many users. Despite their increasing success,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Soodeh Atefi , Mohammad Amin Alipour

Current machine learning models are evaluated through behavioral snapshots, with benchmark accuracies, win rates and outcome-based metrics. Model explanations and evaluations, however, are fundamentally intertwined: understanding why a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Isabelle Lee , Emmy Liu , Cathy Jiao , Brihi Joshi , Dani Yogatama , Fazl Barez , Michael Saxon