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Symbolic regression (SR) is a challenging task in machine learning that involves finding a mathematical expression for a function based on its values. Recent advancements in SR have demonstrated the effectiveness of pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Parshin Shojaee , Kazem Meidani , Amir Barati Farimani , Chandan K. Reddy

Symbolic Regression (SR) plays a central role in scientific knowledge discovery by distilling mathematical equations from observational data. Most existing SR methods function within a bi-level optimization framework: an outer loop that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Boxiao Wang , Kai Li , Zhiwei Chen , Yang Huang , Runxiang Wang , Ziwen Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Jian Cheng

Symbolic regression (SR) uncovers mathematical models from data. Several benchmarks have been proposed to compare the performance of SR algorithms. However, existing ground-truth rediscovery benchmarks overemphasize the recovery of "the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Viktor Martinek

Symbolic regression aims to discover human-interpretable equations that explain observational data. However, existing approaches rely heavily on discrete structure search (e.g., genetic programming), which often leads to high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Fateme Memar , Tao Zhe , Dongjie Wang

Identifying the mathematical relationships that best describe a dataset remains a very challenging problem in machine learning, and is known as Symbolic Regression (SR). In contrast to neural networks which are often treated as black boxes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Tony Tohme , Dehong Liu , Kamal Youcef-Toumi

Symbolic regression (SR) has emerged as a pivotal technique for uncovering the intrinsic information within data and enhancing the interpretability of AI models. However, current state-of-the-art (sota) SR methods struggle to perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Chenglu Sun , Shuo Shen , Wenzhi Tao , Deyi Xue , Zixia Zhou

Perceived signals in real-world scenarios are usually high-dimensional and noisy, and finding and using their representation that contains essential and sufficient information required by downstream decision-making tasks will help improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Biwei Huang , Chaochao Lu , Liu Leqi , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Clark Glymour , Bernhard Schölkopf , Kun Zhang

We describe and analyze algorithms for shape-constrained symbolic regression, which allows the inclusion of prior knowledge about the shape of the regression function. This is relevant in many areas of engineering -- in particular whenever…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Christian Haider , Fabricio Olivetti de França , Bogdan Burlacu , Gabriel Kronberger

Symbolic regression seeks to uncover physical laws from experimental data by searching for closed-form expressions, which is an important task in AI-driven scientific discovery. Yet the exponential growth of the search space of expression…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Nan Jiang , Ziyi Wang , Yexiang Xue

Identifying governing equations for a dynamical system is a topic of critical interest across an array of disciplines, from mathematics to engineering to biology. Machine learning -- specifically deep learning -- techniques have shown their…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Nibodh Boddupalli , Timothy Matchen , Jeff Moehlis

We present a novel method for symbolic regression (SR), the task of searching for compact programmatic hypotheses that best explain a dataset. The problem is commonly solved using genetic algorithms; we show that we can enhance such methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Arya Grayeli , Atharva Sehgal , Omar Costilla-Reyes , Miles Cranmer , Swarat Chaudhuri

Symbolic regression (SR) seeks closed-form mathematical expressions that fit observed data. Neural SR methods amortize the search by training an encoder to map observations directly to expressions in a single pass, but this amortized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xieting Chu , Sriram Vishwanath , Vijay Ganesh

Symbolic regression automates the process of learning closed-form mathematical models from data. Standard approaches to symbolic regression, as well as newer deep learning approaches, rely on heuristic model selection criteria, heuristic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-29 Roger Guimera , Marta Sales-Pardo

The process of discovering equations from data lies at the heart of physics and in many other areas of research, including mathematical ecology and epidemiology. Recently, machine learning methods known as symbolic regression emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Beatriz R. Brum , Luiza Lober , Isolde Previdelli , Francisco A. Rodrigues

Symbolic regression (SR) is a data analysis problem where we search for the mathematical expression that best fits a numerical dataset. It is a global optimization problem. The most popular approach to SR is by genetic programming (SRGP).…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Sohrab Towfighi

Symbolic regression (SR) models complex systems by discovering mathematical expressions that capture underlying relationships in observed data. However, most SR methods prioritize minimizing prediction error over identifying the governing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Giorgio Morales , John W. Sheppard

A core challenge for both physics and artificial intellicence (AI) is symbolic regression: finding a symbolic expression that matches data from an unknown function. Although this problem is likely to be NP-hard in principle, functions of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-04-16 Silviu-Marian Udrescu , Max Tegmark

This paper revisits datasets and evaluation criteria for Symbolic Regression (SR), specifically focused on its potential for scientific discovery. Focused on a set of formulas used in the existing datasets based on Feynman Lectures on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yoshitomo Matsubara , Naoya Chiba , Ryo Igarashi , Yoshitaka Ushiku

Medical decision-making makes frequent use of algorithms that combine risk equations with rules, providing clear and standardized treatment pathways. Symbolic regression (SR) traditionally limits its search space to continuous function…

The problem of symbolic regression (SR) arises in many different applications, such as identifying physical laws or deriving mathematical equations describing the behavior of financial markets from given data. Various methods exist to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Philipp Scholl , Katharina Bieker , Hillary Hauger , Gitta Kutyniok