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We demonstrate the first implementation of polarization encoding measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), which is immune to all detector side-channel attacks. Active phase randomization of each individual pulse is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-21 Zhiyuan Tang , Zhongfa Liao , Feihu Xu , Bing Qi , Li Qian , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Practical implementations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) extending beyond urban areas commonly use satellite links. However, the transmission of quantum states through the Earth's atmosphere is highly susceptible to noise, restricting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Florian Kanitschar , Marcus Huber

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a potential protocol for long distance secure communication, overcoming the rate-distance limitations of conventional quantum key distribution without requiring trusted repeaters.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Syed M. Arslan , Syed Shahmir , Noureldin Mohammad , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muataz Alhussein

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a theoretically secure method to share secret keys, yet practical implementations face challenges due to noise and loss over long-distance channels. Traditional QKD protocols require extensive noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Hannah Seabrook , Emilien Lavie , Teodor Strömberg , Matthew P. Stafford , Giulia Rubino

The mode pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) protocol has attracted considerable attention for its capability to ensure high secure key rates over long distances without requiring global phase locking. However, ensuring symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Zhenhua Li , Tianqi Dou , Yuheng Xie , Weiwen Kong , Yang Liu , Haiqiang Ma , Jianjun Tang

Time-bin encoding is an attractive method for transmitting photonic qubits over long distances with minimal decoherence. It allows a simple receiver for quantum key distribution (QKD) that extracts a key by measuring time of arrival of…

There is no doubt that quantum key distribution is an excellent result as a science. However, this paper presents a view on quantum key distribution (QKD) wherein QKD may have a difficulty to provide a sufficient security and good…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-23 Osamu Hirota

Quantum key distribution has emerged as a promising solution for constructing secure communication networks, offering information-theoretic security guaranteed by the principles of quantum mechanics. One of the most advanced quantum key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-30 Yizhi Huang , Zhenyu Du , Xiongfeng Ma

Secure quantum key distribution with multimode Gaussian entangled states and multimode homodyne detectors is proposed. In general the multimode character of both the sources of entanglement and the homodyne detectors can cause a security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-19 Vladyslav C. Usenko , Laszlo Ruppert , Radim Filip

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure key sharing between distant parties, with several protocols proven resilient against conventional eavesdropping strategies. Here, we introduce a new attack scenario where an eavesdropper, Eve,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-11 Sumit Nandi , Biswaranjan Panda , Pankaj Agrawal , Arun K Pati

Distributing cryptographic keys over public channels in a way that can provide information-theoretic security is the holy grail for secure communication. This can be achieved by exploiting quantum mechanical principles in so-called quantum…

Quantum key distribution (QKD), a technology that enables perfectly secure communication, has evolved to the stage where many different protocols are being used in real-world implementations. Each protocol has its own advantages, meaning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-14 G. L. Roberts , M. Lucamarini , J. F. Dynes , S. J. Savory , Z. L. Yuan , A. J. Shields

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has convincingly been proven compatible with real life applications. Its wide-scale deployment in optical networks will benefit from an optical platform that allows miniature devices capable of encoding the…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a foundational cryptographic protocol that ensures information-theoretic security. However, classical protocols such as BB84, though favored for their simplicity, offer limited resistance to eavesdropping,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 David Polzoni , Tommaso Bianchi , Mauro Conti

It has been widely claimed and believed that many protocols in quantum key distribution, especially the single-photon BB84 protocol, have been proved unconditionally secure at least in principle, for both asymptotic and finite protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-03 Horace P. Yuen

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) allows sharing random keys between a quantum user and a classical user, which significantly saves user resources, especially when using the Single-state protocol. However, the operation of the classical…

Several quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols employ iterative sifting. After each quantum transmission round, Alice and Bob disclose part of their setting information (including their basis choices) for the detected signals. The quantum…

We review the current status of security proofs for practical decoy-state Quantum Key Distribution using the BB84 protocol, focusing on optical implementations with weak coherent pulses and threshold photodetectors. The primary aim of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Devashish Tupkary , Ernest Y. -Z. Tan , Shlok Nahar , Lars Kamin , Norbert Lütkenhaus

With the development of quantum computers, traditional cryptographic systems are facing more and more serious security threats. Fortunately, quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) are two cryptographic mechanisms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-03 Liu-Jun Wang , You-Yang Zhou , Jian-Ming Yin , Qing Chen

Coherent-one-way quantum key distribution (COW-QKD), which requires a simple experimental setup and has the ability to withstand photon-number-splitting attacks, has been not only experimentally implemented but also commercially applied.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-05 Rui-Qi Gao , Yuan-Mei Xie , Jie Gu , Wen-Bo Liu , Chen-Xun Weng , Bing-Hong Li , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen