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Effectively managing missing modalities is a fundamental challenge in real-world multimodal learning scenarios, where data incompleteness often results from systematic collection errors or sensor failures. Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Liangwei Nathan Zheng , Wei Emma Zhang , Mingyu Guo , Olaf Maennel , Weitong Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a flexible framework that combines multiple specialized submodels (``experts''), by assigning covariate-dependent weights (``gating functions'') to each expert, and have been commonly used for analyzing…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Qicheng Zhao , Celia M. T. Greenwood , Qihuang Zhang

As machine learning models in critical fields increasingly grapple with multimodal data, they face the dual challenges of handling a wide array of modalities, often incomplete due to missing elements, and the temporal irregularity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Xing Han , Huy Nguyen , Carl Harris , Nhat Ho , Suchi Saria

Mixtures-of-Experts models and their maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) via the EM algorithm have been thoroughly studied in the statistics and machine learning literature. They are subject of a growing investigation in the context of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-13 Faïcel Chamroukhi , Florian Lecocq , Hien D. Nguyen

Mixture of experts (MoE), introduced over 20 years ago, is the simplest gated modular neural network architecture. There is renewed interest in MoE because the conditional computation allows only parts of the network to be used during each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Yamuna Krishnamurthy , Chris Watkins , Thomas Gaertner

In this paper, we propose novel Gaussian process-gated hierarchical mixtures of experts (GPHMEs). Unlike other mixtures of experts with gating models linear in the input, our model employs gating functions built with Gaussian processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Yuhao Liu , Marzieh Ajirak , Petar Djuric

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures decompose prediction tasks into specialized expert sub-networks selected by a gating mechanism. This letter adopts a communication-theoretic view of MoE gating, modeling the gate as a stochastic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-27 Ali Khalesi , Mohammad Reza Deylam Salehi

We propose Preferential MoE, a novel human-ML mixture-of-experts model that augments human expertise in decision making with a data-based classifier only when necessary for predictive performance. Our model exhibits an interpretable gating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Melanie F. Pradier , Javier Zazo , Sonali Parbhoo , Roy H. Perlis , Maurizio Zazzi , Finale Doshi-Velez

In a distributed mixture-of-experts (MoE) system, a server collaborates with multiple specialized expert clients to perform inference. The server extracts features from input data and dynamically selects experts based on their areas of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Qiuchen Song , Shusen Jing , Shuai Zhang , Songyang Zhang , Chuan Huang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity in achieving state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. They effectively expand the model capacity while incurring a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haiyang Huang , Newsha Ardalani , Anna Sun , Liu Ke , Hsien-Hsin S. Lee , Anjali Sridhar , Shruti Bhosale , Carole-Jean Wu , Benjamin Lee

Sparse mixture of expert architectures (MoEs) scale model capacity without significant increases in training or inference costs. Despite their success, MoEs suffer from a number of issues: training instability, token dropping, inability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Joan Puigcerver , Carlos Riquelme , Basil Mustafa , Neil Houlsby

While transformers and their variant conformers show promising performance in speech recognition, the parameterized property leads to much memory cost during training and inference. Some works use cross-layer weight-sharing to reduce the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-20 Ye Bai , Jie Li , Wenjing Han , Hao Ni , Kaituo Xu , Zhuo Zhang , Cheng Yi , Xiaorui Wang

Mixture of experts (MoE) methods are a key component in most large language model architectures, including the recent series of DeepSeek models. Compared to other MoE implementations, DeepSeekMoE stands out because of two unique features:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Huy Nguyen , Thong T. Doan , Quang Pham , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Gaussian processes are a key component of many flexible statistical and machine learning models. However, they exhibit cubic computational complexity and high memory constraints due to the need of inverting and storing a full covariance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-07 Teemu Härkönen , Sara Wade , Kody Law , Lassi Roininen

Large language model-based explainable recommendation (LLM-based ER) systems show promise in generating human-like explanations for recommendations. However, they face challenges in modeling user-item collaborative preferences,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Fei Tang , Yongliang Shen , Hang Zhang , Zeqi Tan , Wenqi Zhang , Zhibiao Huang , Kaitao Song , Weiming Lu , Yueting Zhuang

Mixture-of-Experts models rely on learned routers to assign tokens to experts, yet standard softmax gating provides no principled mechanism to control the tradeoff between sparsity and utilization. We propose Grassmannian MoE (GrMoE), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Ibne Farabi Shihab , Sanjeda Akter , Anuj Sharma

Mixtures-of-Experts (MoE) are conditional mixture models that have shown their performance in modeling heterogeneity in data in many statistical learning approaches for prediction, including regression and classification, as well as for…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-17 Bao Tuyen Huynh , Faicel Chamroukhi

Mixture of experts (MoE) are a popular class of statistical and machine learning models that have gained attention over the years due to their flexibility and efficiency. In this work, we consider Gaussian-gated localized MoE (GLoME) and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-29 TrungTin Nguyen , Hien Duy Nguyen , Faicel Chamroukhi , Florence Forbes

Gating is a key feature in modern neural networks including LSTMs, GRUs and sparsely-gated deep neural networks. The backbone of such gated networks is a mixture-of-experts layer, where several experts make regression decisions and gating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Ashok Vardhan Makkuva , Sewoong Oh , Sreeram Kannan , Pramod Viswanath

Contaminated mixture of experts (MoE) is motivated by transfer learning methods where a pre-trained model, acting as a frozen expert, is integrated with an adapter model, functioning as a trainable expert, in order to learn a new task.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Fanqi Yan , Dung Le , Trang Pham , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho