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Mixture-of-experts (MoE) model incorporates the power of multiple submodels via gating functions to achieve greater performance in numerous regression and classification applications. From a theoretical perspective, while there have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Pedram Akbarian , TrungTin Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Originally introduced as a neural network for ensemble learning, mixture of experts (MoE) has recently become a fundamental building block of highly successful modern deep neural networks for heterogeneous data analysis in several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-12 Huy Nguyen , TrungTin Nguyen , Khai Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Top-K sparse softmax gating mixture of experts has been widely used for scaling up massive deep-learning architectures without increasing the computational cost. Despite its popularity in real-world applications, the theoretical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-27 Huy Nguyen , Pedram Akbarian , Fanqi Yan , Nhat Ho

Mixture of experts (MoE) has recently emerged as an effective framework to advance the efficiency and scalability of machine learning models by softly dividing complex tasks among multiple specialized sub-models termed experts. Central to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-06 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

We develop a unified statistical framework for softmax-gated Gaussian mixture of experts (SGMoE) that addresses three long-standing obstacles in parameter estimation and model selection: (i) non-identifiability of gating parameters up to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-15 Do Tien Hai , Trung Nguyen Mai , TrungTin Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Binh T. Nguyen , Christopher Drovandi

Mixture-of-experts models provide a flexible framework for learning complex probabilistic input-output relationships by combining multiple expert models through an input-dependent gating mechanism. These models have become increasingly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-23 Nicola Bariletto , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Mixture of experts (MoE) model is a statistical machine learning design that aggregates multiple expert networks using a softmax gating function in order to form a more intricate and expressive model. Despite being commonly used in several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Dense-to-sparse gating mixture of experts (MoE) has recently become an effective alternative to a well-known sparse MoE. Rather than fixing the number of activated experts as in the latter model, which could limit the investigation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Pedram Akbarian , Nhat Ho

The softmax-contaminated mixture of experts (MoE) model is deployed when a large-scale pre-trained model, which plays the role of a fixed expert, is fine-tuned for learning downstream tasks by including a new contamination part, or prompt,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-25 Fanqi Yan , Huy Nguyen , Dung Le , Pedram Akbarian , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

The softmax gating function is arguably the most popular choice in mixture of experts modeling. Despite its widespread use in practice, the softmax gating may lead to unnecessary competition among experts, potentially causing the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-05 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures combine specialized predictors through a learned gate and are effective across regression and classification, but for classification with softmax multinomial-logistic gating, rigorous guarantees for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 TrungKhang Tran , TrungTin Nguyen , Md Abul Bashar , Nhat Ho , Richi Nayak , Christopher Drovandi

With the growing prominence of the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture in developing large-scale foundation models, we investigate the Hierarchical Mixture of Experts (HMoE), a specialized variant of MoE that excels in handling complex…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-10 Huy Nguyen , Xing Han , Carl Harris , Suchi Saria , Nhat Ho

The sigmoid gate in mixture-of-experts (MoE) models has been empirically shown to outperform the softmax gate across several tasks, ranging from approximating feed-forward networks to language modeling. Additionally, recent efforts have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Tuan Minh Pham , Thinh Cao , Viet Nguyen , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

We consider the parameter estimation problem in the deviated Gaussian mixture of experts in which the data are generated from $(1 - \lambda^{\ast}) g_0(Y| X)+ \lambda^{\ast} \sum_{i = 1}^{k_{\ast}} p_{i}^{\ast}…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Khai Nguyen , Nhat Ho

We provide a theoretical treatment of over-specified Gaussian mixtures of experts with covariate-free gating networks. We establish the convergence rates of the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for these models. Our proof technique is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-09 Nhat Ho , Chiao-Yu Yang , Michael I. Jordan

We investigate the estimation properties of the mixture of experts (MoE) model in a high-dimensional setting, where the number of predictors is much larger than the sample size, and for which the literature is particularly lacking in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-03 TrungTin Nguyen , Hien D Nguyen , Faicel Chamroukhi , Geoffrey J McLachlan

Mixture of experts (MoE) models are widely applied for conditional probability density estimation problems. We demonstrate the richness of the class of MoE models by proving denseness results in Lebesgue spaces, when inputs and outputs…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-12 Hien Duy Nguyen , TrungTin Nguyen , Faicel Chamroukhi , Geoffrey McLachlan

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model uses a set of expert networks that specialize on subsets of a dataset under the supervision of a gating network. A common issue in MoE architectures is ``expert collapse'' where overlapping class…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Abien Fred Agarap , Arnulfo P. Azcarraga

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models constitute a widely utilized class of ensemble learning approaches in statistics and machine learning, known for their flexibility and computational efficiency. They have become integral components in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-26 Tuan Thai , TrungTin Nguyen , Dat Do , Nhat Ho , Christopher Drovandi

The traditional viewpoint on Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) models is that instead of training a single large expert, which is computationally expensive, we can train many small experts. The hope is that if the total parameter count of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Youngseog Chung , Dhruv Malik , Jeff Schneider , Yuanzhi Li , Aarti Singh
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