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NLP benchmarks rely on standardized datasets for training and evaluating models and are crucial for advancing the field. Traditionally, expert annotations ensure high-quality labels; however, the cost of expert annotation does not scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Omer Nahum , Nitay Calderon , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

Hateful content online is often expressed using fact-like, not necessarily correct information, especially in coordinated online harassment campaigns and extremist propaganda. Failing to jointly address hate speech (HS) and misinformation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Nicolás Benjamín Ocampo , Tommaso Caselli , Davide Ceolin

This paper introduces a method for detecting inappropriately targeting language in online conversations by integrating crowd and expert annotations with ChatGPT. We focus on English conversation threads from Reddit, examining comments that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Baran Barbarestani , Isa Maks , Piek Vossen

Human annotation cost and time remain significant bottlenecks in Natural Language Processing (NLP), with test data annotation being particularly expensive due to the stringent requirement for low-error and high-quality labels necessary for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Antonio Purificato , Maria Sofia Bucarelli , Andrea Bacciu , Amin Mantrach , Fabrizio Silvestri

Online hate speech is a recent problem in our society that is rising at a steady pace by leveraging the vulnerabilities of the corresponding regimes that characterise most social media platforms. This phenomenon is primarily fostered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Ioannis Mollas , Zoe Chrysopoulou , Stamatis Karlos , Grigorios Tsoumakas

Estimating perceptual attributes of materials directly from images is a challenging task due to their complex, not fully-understood interactions with external factors, such as geometry and lighting. Supervised deep learning models have…

Data is the engine of modern computer vision, which necessitates collecting large-scale datasets. This is expensive, and guaranteeing the quality of the labels is a major challenge. In this paper, we investigate efficient annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Yuan-Hong Liao , Amlan Kar , Sanja Fidler

In this paper, we present a novel hostility detection dataset in Hindi language. We collect and manually annotate ~8200 online posts. The annotated dataset covers four hostility dimensions: fake news, hate speech, offensive, and defamation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Mohit Bhardwaj , Md Shad Akhtar , Asif Ekbal , Amitava Das , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Machine learning (ML)-based content moderation tools are essential to keep online spaces free from hateful communication. Yet, ML tools can only be as capable as the quality of the data they are trained on allows them. While there is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Zehui Yu , Indira Sen , Dennis Assenmacher , Mattia Samory , Leon Fröhling , Christina Dahn , Debora Nozza , Claudia Wagner

Large-scale audio tagging datasets inevitably contain imperfect labels, such as clip-wise annotated (temporally weak) tags with no exact on- and offsets, due to a high manual labeling cost. This work proposes pseudo strong labels (PSL), a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Heinrich Dinkel , Zhiyong Yan , Yongqing Wang , Junbo Zhang , Yujun Wang

Online social platforms are beset with hateful speech - content that expresses hatred for a person or group of people. Such content can frighten, intimidate, or silence platform users, and some of it can inspire other users to commit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-02 Haji Mohammad Saleem , Kelly P Dillon , Susan Benesch , Derek Ruths

Hate speech detection models are only as good as the data they are trained on. Datasets sourced from social media suffer from systematic gaps and biases, leading to unreliable models with simplistic decision boundaries. Adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Janis Goldzycher , Paul Röttger , Gerold Schneider

In science, promotional language ('hype') is increasing and can undermine objective evaluation of evidence, impede research development, and erode trust in science. In this paper, we introduce the task of automatic detection of hype, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Bojan Batalo , Erica K. Shimomoto , Neil Millar

Training and deploying machine learning models relies on a large amount of human-annotated data. As human labeling becomes increasingly expensive and time-consuming, recent research has developed multiple strategies to speed up annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ekaterina Artemova , Akim Tsvigun , Dominik Schlechtweg , Natalia Fedorova , Konstantin Chernyshev , Sergei Tilga , Boris Obmoroshev

The digital media, identified as computational propaganda provides a pathway for propaganda to expand its reach without limit. State-backed propaganda aims to shape the audiences' cognition toward entities in favor of a certain political…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Rong-Ching Chang , Chun-Ming Lai , Kai-Lai Chang , Chu-Hsing Lin

We deal with the problem of localized in-video taxonomic human annotation in the video content moderation domain, where the goal is to identify video segments that violate granular policies, e.g., community guidelines on an online video…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Meghana Deodhar , Xiao Ma , Yixin Cai , Alex Koes , Alex Beutel , Jilin Chen

Online social media is rife with offensive and hateful comments, prompting the need for their automatic detection given the sheer amount of posts created every second. Creating high-quality human-labelled datasets for this task is difficult…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 João A. Leite , Carolina Scarton , Diego F. Silva

With the proliferation of social media, there has been a sharp increase in offensive content, particularly targeting vulnerable groups, exacerbating social problems such as hatred, racism, and sexism. Detecting offensive language use is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Toygar Tanyel , Besher Alkurdi , Serkan Ayvaz

Despite the success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in image classification tasks, the human-level performance relies on massive training data with high-quality manual annotations, which are expensive and time-consuming to collect. There…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Junnan Li , Yongkang Wong , Qi Zhao , Mohan Kankanhalli

Hate speech is one of the main threats posed by the widespread use of social networks, despite efforts to limit it. Although attention has been devoted to this issue, the lack of datasets and case studies centered around scarcely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Camilla Casula , Sara Tonelli