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The interaction of conversational systems with users poses an exciting opportunity for improving them after deployment, but little evidence has been provided of its feasibility. In most applications, users are not able to provide the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Jon Ander Campos , Kyunghyun Cho , Arantxa Otegi , Aitor Soroa , Gorka Azkune , Eneko Agirre

The digital realm has witnessed the rise of various search modalities, among which the Image-Based Conversational Search System stands out. This research delves into the design, implementation, and evaluation of this specific system,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Yue Zheng , Lei Yu , Junmian Chen , Tianyu Xia , Yuanyuan Yin , Shan Wang , Haiming Liu

Conversational Recommender Systems (CRSs) leverage natural language interactions for personalized recommendation, yet information-scarce dialogue histories and single-turn recommendation paradigms may severely hinder accurate modeling of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Xingyuan Xiang , Xiangchen Pan , Wei Wei

Conversational search systems enable information retrieval via natural language interactions, with the goal of maximizing users' information gain over multiple dialogue turns. The increasing prevalence of conversational interfaces adopting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Phillip Schneider , Wessel Poelman , Michael Rovatsos , Florian Matthes

Conversational search systems, such as Google Assistant and Microsoft Cortana, enable users to interact with search systems in multiple rounds through natural language dialogues. Evaluating such systems is very challenging given that any…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Zeyang Liu , Ke Zhou , Max L. Wilson

User simulation has been a cost-effective technique for evaluating conversational recommender systems. However, building a human-like simulator is still an open challenge. In this work, we focus on how users reformulate their utterances…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Shuo Zhang , Mu-Chun Wang , Krisztian Balog

Conversational recommender systems offer the promise of interactive, engaging ways for users to find items they enjoy. We seek to improve conversational recommendation via three dimensions: 1) We aim to mimic a common mode of human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Shuyang Li , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder , Julian McAuley

Simulating user interactions enables a more user-oriented evaluation of information retrieval (IR) systems. While user simulations are cost-efficient and reproducible, many approaches often lack fidelity regarding real user behavior. Most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Björn Engelmann , Timo Breuer , Jana Isabelle Friese , Philipp Schaer , Norbert Fuhr

Recommendation algorithms have been pivotal in handling the overwhelming volume of online content. However, these algorithms seldom consider direct user input, resulting in superficial interaction between them. Efforts have been made to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Kyle Dylan Spurlock , Cagla Acun , Esin Saka , Olfa Nasraoui

Conversational search applications offer the prospect of improved user experience in information seeking via agent support. However, it is not clear how searchers will respond to this mode of engagement, in comparison to a conventional…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Abhishek Kaushik , Gareth J. F. Jones

The ability to engage in mixed-initiative interaction is one of the core requirements for a conversational search system. How to achieve this is poorly understood. We propose a set of unsupervised metrics, termed ConversationShape, that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Svitlana Vakulenko , Evangelos Kanoulas , Maarten de Rijke

Conversational Recommender System (CRS) leverages real-time feedback from users to dynamically model their preferences, thereby enhancing the system's ability to provide personalized recommendations and improving the overall user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Lixi Zhu , Xiaowen Huang , Jitao Sang

In this paper, we report our methods and experiments for the TREC Conversational Assistance Track (CAsT) 2022. In this work, we aim to reproduce multi-stage retrieval pipelines and explore one of the potential benefits of involving…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Dayu Yang , Yue Zhang , Hui Fang

Various conceptual and descriptive models of conversational search have been proposed in the literature -- while useful, they do not provide insights into how interaction between the agent and user would change in response to the costs and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Leif Azzopardi , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Evangelos Kanoulas

Conversational Recommender Systems (CRS) provide personalized services through multi-turn interactions, yet most existing methods overlook users' heterogeneous decision-making styles and knowledge levels, which constrains both accuracy and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yaying Luo , Hui Fang , Zhu Sun

In ad-hoc retrieval, evaluation relies heavily on user actions, including implicit feedback. In a conversational setting such signals are usually unavailable due to the nature of the interactions, and, instead, the evaluation often relies…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Clemencia Siro , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke

To solve complex tasks, large language models (LLMs) often require multiple rounds of interactions with the user, sometimes assisted by external tools. However, current evaluation protocols often emphasize benchmark performance with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Xingyao Wang , Zihan Wang , Jiateng Liu , Yangyi Chen , Lifan Yuan , Hao Peng , Heng Ji

Evaluation is crucial in the development process of task-oriented dialogue systems. As an evaluation method, user simulation allows us to tackle issues such as scalability and cost-efficiency, making it a viable choice for large-scale…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Weiwei Sun , Shuo Zhang , Krisztian Balog , Zhaochun Ren , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke

There is growing interest in exploring user simulation as an alternative to gathering and scoring real user-chatbot interactions for AI chatbot evaluation. For this purpose, it is important to ensure the realism of the simulation, i.e., the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yu Lu Liu , Hyokun Yun , Tanya Roosta , Ziang Xiao

Most of the existing spoken language understanding systems can perform only semantic frame parsing based on a single-round user query. They cannot take users' feedback to update/add/remove slot values through multiround interactions with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Yu Wang , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin