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We develop a stochastic approximation framework for learning nonlinear operators between infinite-dimensional spaces utilizing general Mercer operator-valued kernels. Our framework encompasses two key classes: (i) compact kernels, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-13 Jia-Qi Yang , Lei Shi

Operator learning problems arise in many key areas of scientific computing where Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are used to model physical systems. In such scenarios, the operators map between Banach or Hilbert spaces. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Ben Adcock , Nick Dexter , Sebastian Moraga

Operator learning is the approximation of operators between infinite dimensional Banach spaces using machine learning approaches. While most progress in this area has been driven by variants of deep neural networks such as the Deep Operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chunyang Liao , Deanna Needell , Hayden Schaeffer

Operator learning focuses on approximating mappings $\mathcal{G}^\dagger:\mathcal{U} \rightarrow\mathcal{V}$ between infinite-dimensional spaces of functions, such as $u: \Omega_u\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ and $v:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Carlos Mora , Amin Yousefpour , Shirin Hosseinmardi , Houman Owhadi , Ramin Bostanabad

Neural operators learn mappings between function spaces, which is practical for learning solution operators of PDEs and other scientific modeling applications. Among them, the Fourier neural operator (FNO) is a popular architecture that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Miguel Liu-Schiaffini , Julius Berner , Boris Bonev , Thorsten Kurth , Kamyar Azizzadenesheli , Anima Anandkumar

Much recent work has addressed the solution of a family of partial differential equations by computing the inverse operator map between the input and solution space. Toward this end, we incorporate function-valued reproducing kernel Hilbert…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-05 Kaijun Bao , Xu Qian , Ziyuan Liu , Songhe Song

This paper introduces the Kernel Neural Operator (KNO), a provably convergent operator-learning architecture that utilizes compositions of deep kernel-based integral operators for function-space approximation of operators (maps from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Matthew Lowery , John Turnage , Zachary Morrow , John D. Jakeman , Akil Narayan , Shandian Zhe , Varun Shankar

Operator learning techniques have recently emerged as a powerful tool for learning maps between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. Trained under appropriate constraints, they can also be effective in learning the solution operator of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Sifan Wang , Hanwen Wang , Paris Perdikaris

In this work, we consider the problem of learning nonlinear operators that correspond to discrete-time nonlinear dynamical systems with inputs. Given an initial state and a finite input trajectory, such operators yield a finite output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Mircea Lazar

Operator learning refers to the application of ideas from machine learning to approximate (typically nonlinear) operators mapping between Banach spaces of functions. Such operators often arise from physical models expressed in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Nikola B. Kovachki , Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart

In this paper, we present a framework for learning the solution map of a backward parabolic Cauchy problem. The solution depends continuously but nonlinearly on the final data, source, and force terms, all residing in Banach spaces of…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Fred Espen Benth , Nils Detering , Luca Galimberti

We introduce a novel kernel-based framework for learning differential equations and their solution maps that is efficient in data requirements, in terms of solution examples and amount of measurements from each example, and computational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-07 Yasamin Jalalian , Juan Felipe Osorio Ramirez , Alexander Hsu , Bamdad Hosseini , Houman Owhadi

Building highly non-linear and non-parametric models is central to several state-of-the-art machine learning systems. Kernel methods form an important class of techniques that induce a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) for inferring…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-16 Huan Song , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Prasanna Sattigeri , Andreas Spanias

Reproducing kernel Hilbert $C^*$-module (RKHM) is a generalization of reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) by means of $C^*$-algebra, and the Perron-Frobenius operator is a linear operator related to the composition of functions.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-07 Yuka Hashimoto , Masahiro Ikeda , Hachem Kadri

This paper presents a framework for computing random operator-valued feature maps for operator-valued positive definite kernels. This is a generalization of the random Fourier features for scalar-valued kernels to the operator-valued case.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-22 Ha Quang Minh

Operator regression provides a powerful means of constructing discretization-invariant emulators for partial-differential equations (PDEs) describing physical systems. Neural operators specifically employ deep neural networks to approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Katiana Kontolati , Somdatta Goswami , George Em Karniadakis , Michael D. Shields

Traditionally, kernel methods rely on the representer theorem which states that the solution to a learning problem is obtained as a linear combination of the data mapped into the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). While elegant from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Riikka Huusari , Sahely Bhadra , Cécile Capponi , Hachem Kadri , Juho Rousu

Learning maps between function spaces with a strong inductive bias is a central challenge in soft computing, especially when training data are scarce and standard deep architectures overfit. We introduce a \emph{neural integral operator}…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Emanuele Zappala , Alice Giola , Andreas Kramer , Saugat Acharya , Enrico Greco

We review machine learning methods employing positive definite kernels. These methods formulate learning and estimation problems in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) of functions defined on the data domain, expanded in terms of a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-29 Thomas Hofmann , Bernhard Schölkopf , Alexander J. Smola

A kernel-based approach for the learning of the solution operator of general nonhomogeneous partial differential equations (PDEs) is proposed. The method incorporates physical priors, typically encoded through the PDE operator, into a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Jianyu Hu , Juan-Pablo Ortega
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