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High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools offer rapid hardware design from C code, but their compatibility is limited by code constructs. This paper investigates Large Language Models (LLMs) for refactoring C code into HLS-compatible formats. We…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Luca Collini , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri

Dynamically scheduled high-level synthesis (HLS) achieves higher throughput than static HLS for codes with unpredictable memory accesses and control flow. However, excessive dataflow scheduling results in circuits that use more resources…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Robert Szafarczyk , Syed Waqar Nabi , Wim Vanderbauwhede

High-level synthesis (HLS) notably speeds up the hardware design process by avoiding RTL programming. However, the turnaround time of HLS increases significantly when post-route quality of results (QoR) are considered during optimization.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Mingzhe Gao , Jieru Zhao , Zhe Lin , Minyi Guo

Early, tool-free prediction of post-synthesis timing remains a key obstacle to rapid RTL iteration. We introduce TimingLLM, a two-stage retrieval-augmented LLM pipeline that estimates worst negative slack (WNS) and total negative slack…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Armin Abdollahi , Negin Ashrafi , Mehdi Kamal , Massoud Pedram

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a powerful tool for developing efficient hardware accelerators that rely on specialized memory systems to achieve sufficient on-chip data reuse and off-chip bandwidth utilization. However, even with HLS,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Izumi Tanaka , Ken Sakayori , Shinya Takamaeda-Yamazaki , Naoki Kobayashi

High-performance, multi-core processors are the key to accelerating workloads in several application domains. To continue to scale performance at the limit of Moore's Law and Dennard scaling, software and hardware designers have turned to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Changxi Liu , Alen Sabu , Akanksha Chaudhari , Qingxuan Kang , Trevor E. Carlson

LLMs have seen rapid adoption in all domains. They need to be trained on high-end high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures and ingest massive amounts of input data. Unsurprisingly, at such a large scale, unexpected events (e.g.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Avinash Maurya , Robert Underwood , M. Mustafa Rafique , Franck Cappello , Bogdan Nicolae

Large-scale distributed computing infrastructures such as the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) require comprehensive simulation tools for evaluating performance, testing new algorithms, and optimizing resource allocation strategies.…

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) compiles algorithmic C/C++ descriptions into hardware, with Quality of Results (QoR) -- latency and resource utilization -- critically governed by pragma configurations and code structure. Existing LLM-based HLS…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Qingyun Zou , Feng Yu , Hongshi Tan , Yao Chen , Bingsheng He , WengFai Wong

High-level synthesis (HLS) shortens the development time of hardware designs and enables faster design space exploration at a higher abstraction level. Optimization of complex applications in HLS is challenging due to the effects of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Jieru Zhao , Tingyuan Liang , Sharad Sinha , Wei Zhang

The emergence of High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools shifted the paradigm of hardware design by making the process of mapping high-level programming languages to hardware design such as C to VHDL/Verilog feasible. HLS tools offer a plethora of…

High-level synthesis (HLS) accelerates hardware design by enabling the automatic translation of high-level descriptions into efficient hardware implementations. However, debugging HLS code is a challenging and labor-intensive task,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jing Wang , Shang Liu , Yao Lu , Zhiyao Xie

There have been several recent works proposed to utilize model-based optimization methods to improve the productivity of using high-level synthesis (HLS) to design domain-specific architectures. They would replace the time-consuming…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Zijian Ding , Atefeh Sohrabizadeh , Weikai Li , Zongyue Qin , Yizhou Sun , Jason Cong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in automating hardware synthesis, yet substantial barriers remain for industrial-scale, datapath-centric designs due to ambiguous specifications and a lack of formal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Kezhi Li , Min Li , Xiangyu Wen , Shibo Zhao , Jieying Wu , Junhua Huang , Qiang Xu

With the rapid development of safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving and embodied intelligence, the functional safety of the corresponding electronic chips becomes more critical. Ensuring chip functional safety requires…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiaping Tang , Jianan Mu , Zizhen Liu , Ge Yu , Tenghui Hua , Bin Sun , Silin Liu , Jing Ye , Huawei Li

High-level synthesis (HLS) allows hardware designers to create hardware designs with high-level programming languages like C/C++/OpenCL, which greatly improves hardware design productivity. However, existing HLS flows require programmers'…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Haocheng Xu , Haotian Hu , Sitao Huang

High-Level Synthesis enables the rapid prototyping of hardware accelerators, by combining a high-level description of the functional behavior of a kernel with a set of micro-architecture optimizations as inputs. Such optimizations can be…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Stéphane Pouget , Louis-Noël Pouchet , Jason Cong

The demise of Moore's Law and Dennard Scaling has revived interest in specialized computer architectures and accelerators. Verification and testing of this hardware depend heavily upon cycle-accurate simulation of register-transfer-level…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Mahyar Emami , Sahand Kashani , Keisuke Kamahori , Mohammad Sepehr Pourghannad , Ritik Raj , James R. Larus

Architectural simulation has become the critical bottleneck limiting design space exploration for high-performance computing systems. Modern GPUs and AI accelerators -- with hundreds to thousands of tightly-coupled components -- demand…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Wei-Fen Lin , Jen-Chien Chang , Yen-Po Chen , Zi-Yi Tai , Yu-Cheng Chang , Chia-Pao Chiang , Yu-Yang Lee , Yu-Jie Wan

The rapid scaling of large language model (LLM) training and inference has driven their adoption in semiconductor design across academia and industry. While most prior work evaluates LLMs on hardware description language (HDL) tasks,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Stefan Abi-Karam , Cong Hao