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Quality control in molecular optical sectioning microscopy is indispensable for transforming acquired digital images from qualitative descriptions to quantitative data. Although numerous tools, metrics, and phantoms have been developed,…
We show that colors are light quanta for human visual perception in a similar way as photons are light quanta for physical measurements of light waves. Our result relies on the identification in the quantum measurement process itself of the…
In trichromats, color vision entails the projection of an infinite-dimensional space (the one containing all possible electromagnetic power spectra) onto the 3-dimensional space that modulates the activity of the three types of cones. This…
We present a method to measure the small-scale matter power spectrum using high-resolution measurements of the gravitational lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). To determine whether small-scale structure today is suppressed on…
In a color X-ray camera, spatial resolution is achieved by means of a polycapillary optic conducting X-ray photons from small regions on a sample to distinct energy dispersive pixels on a CCD matrix. At present, the resolution limit of…
A holistic approach using non-invasive multimodal imaging and spectroscopic techniques to study the materials (pigments, drawing materials and paper) and painting techniques of watercolour paintings is presented. The non-invasive imaging…
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are well-established techniques that provide valuable information in a diverse set of disciplines but are currently limited to macroscopic sample volumes. Here we…
Quantum imaging is an ever expanding research field, in which the aim is to exploit the quantum nature of light to enhance image reconstruction capabilities. Despite a number of successful demonstrations for quantum imaging, quantum…
A holographic microscope captures interference patterns, or holograms, that encode three-dimensional (3D) information about the object being viewed. Computation is essential to extracting that 3D information. By wrapping low-level…
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) quantifies the sample-specific optical-phase-delay enabling objective studies of optically-transparent specimens such as biological samples, but lacks chemical sensitivity limiting its application to…
This article reviews the material properties that enable maximum optical response. We highlight theoretical results that enable shape-independent quantification of material "figures of merit," ranging from classical sum rules to more recent…
Polarized light microscopy, as a contrast-enhancing technique for optically anisotropic materials, is a method well suited for the investigation of a wide variety of effects in solid-state physics, as for example birefringence in crystals…
Holographic microscopy presents challenges for color reproduction due to the usage of narrow-band illumination sources, which especially impacts the imaging of stained pathology slides for clinical diagnoses. Here, an accurate color…
We introduce a simple theoretical model that describes the interaction of light with optical metamaterials in terms of interfering optical plane waves. In this model, a metamaterial is considered to consist of planar arrays of densely…
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs) are widely renowned for their ability to analyze the surface structures of microscopic objects, offering the capability to capture highly detailed, yet only grayscale, images. To create more expressive…
Reliable estimation of illuminant chromaticity is crucial for simulating color constancy and for white balancing digital images. However, estimating illuminant chromaticity from a single image is an ill-posed task, in general, and existing…
Leaf colors of a plant can be used to identify stress level due to its adaptation to environmental change. For most leaves green-related colors are sourced from chlorophyll a and b. Chlorophyll concentration is normally measured using a…
Optical contrast is the most common preliminary method to identify layer number of two-dimensional (2D) materials, but is seldom used as a confirmatory technique. We explain the reason for variation of optical contrast between imaging…
Cathodoluminescence microscopy is now a well-established and powerful tool for probing the photonic properties of nanoscale materials, but in many cases, nanophotonic materials are easily damaged by the electron-beam doses necessary to…
We present a system of X-ray photometry for the Chandra satellite. X-ray photometry can be a powerful tool to obtain flux estimates, hardness ratios, and colors unbiased by assumptions about spectral shape and independent of temporal and…