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Deep neural networks often produce overconfident predictions, undermining their reliability in safety-critical applications. This miscalibration is further exacerbated under distribution shift, where test data deviates from the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Yilin Zhang , Cai Xu , You Wu , Ziyu Guan , Wei Zhao

Many real-world prediction tasks have outcome variables that have characteristic heavy-tail distributions. Examples include copies of books sold, auction prices of art pieces, demand for commodities in warehouses, etc. By learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Xindi Wang , Onur Varol , Tina Eliassi-Rad

The success of deep learning depends on large-scale and well-curated training data, while data in real-world applications are commonly long-tailed and noisy. Many methods have been proposed to deal with long-tailed data or noisy data, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Lefan Zhang , Zhang-Hao Tian , Wujun Zhou , Wei Wang

Neural networks trained on real-world datasets with long-tailed label distributions are biased towards frequent classes and perform poorly on infrequent classes. The imbalance in the ratio of positive and negative samples for each class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Kevin Duarte , Yogesh S. Rawat , Mubarak Shah

The fine-tuning paradigm in addressing long-tail learning tasks has sparked significant interest since the emergence of foundation models. Nonetheless, how fine-tuning impacts performance in long-tail learning was not explicitly quantified.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jiang-Xin Shi , Tong Wei , Zhi Zhou , Jie-Jing Shao , Xin-Yan Han , Yu-Feng Li

Confidence calibration, which aims to make model predictions equal to the true correctness measures, is important for neural machine translation (NMT) because it is able to offer useful indicators of translation errors in the generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Shuo Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Shuming Shi , Yang Liu

Long-tailed recognition with imbalanced class distribution naturally emerges in practical machine learning applications. Existing methods such as data reweighing, resampling, and supervised contrastive learning enforce the class balance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Chengkai Hou , Jieyu Zhang , Haonan Wang , Tianyi Zhou

Recent studies indicate that NLU models are prone to rely on shortcut features for prediction, without achieving true language understanding. As a result, these models fail to generalize to real-world out-of-distribution data. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Mengnan Du , Varun Manjunatha , Rajiv Jain , Ruchi Deshpande , Franck Dernoncourt , Jiuxiang Gu , Tong Sun , Xia Hu

In this work, we tackle the challenging problem of long-tailed image recognition. Previous long-tailed recognition approaches mainly focus on data augmentation or re-balancing strategies for the tail classes to give them more attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Weide Liu , Zhonghua Wu , Yiming Wang , Henghui Ding , Fayao Liu , Jie Lin , Guosheng Lin

Few-shot classification aims to learn a classifier to recognize unseen classes during training, where the learned model can easily become over-fitted based on the biased distribution formed by only a few training examples. A recent solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Dandan Guo , Long Tian , He Zhao , Mingyuan Zhou , Hongyuan Zha

Balancing performance trade-off on long-tail (LT) data distributions remains a long-standing challenge. In this paper, we posit that this dilemma stems from a phenomenon called "tail performance degradation" (the model tends to severely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shenghan Chen , Yiming Liu , Yanzhen Wang , Yujia Wang , Xiankai Lu

Despite the successes of probabilistic models based on passing noise through neural networks, recent work has identified that such methods often fail to capture tail behavior accurately, unless the tails of the base distribution are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-16 Feynman Liang , Liam Hodgkinson , Michael W. Mahoney

Learning the tail behavior of a distribution is a notoriously difficult problem. By definition, the number of samples from the tail is small, and deep generative models, such as normalizing flows, tend to concentrate on learning the body of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Mike Laszkiewicz , Johannes Lederer , Asja Fischer

Large language models (LLMs) can learn vast amounts of knowledge from diverse domains during pre-training. However, long-tail knowledge from specialized domains is often scarce and underrepresented, rarely appearing in the models'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shuyang Yu , Runxue Bao , Parminder Bhatia , Taha Kass-Hout , Jiayu Zhou , Cao Xiao

Existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods are typically benchmarked on training sets with balanced class distributions. However, in real-world applications, it is common for the training sets to have long-tailed distributions. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Haotao Wang , Aston Zhang , Yi Zhu , Shuai Zheng , Mu Li , Alex Smola , Zhangyang Wang

We consider the fitting of heavy tailed data and distribution with a special attention to distributions with a non--standard shape in the "body" of the distribution. To this end we consider a dense class of heavy tailed distributions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-15 Mogens Bladt , Leonardo Rojas-Nandayapa

Many machine learning models appear to deploy effortlessly under distribution shift, and perform well on a target distribution that is considerably different from the training distribution. Yet, learning theory of distribution shift bounds…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Robi Bhattacharjee , Nick Rittler , Kamalika Chaudhuri

We present a new loss function called Distribution-Balanced Loss for the multi-label recognition problems that exhibit long-tailed class distributions. Compared to conventional single-label classification problem, multi-label recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Tong Wu , Qingqiu Huang , Ziwei Liu , Yu Wang , Dahua Lin

Long-tail recognition tackles the natural non-uniformly distributed data in real-world scenarios. While modern classifiers perform well on populated classes, its performance degrades significantly on tail classes. Humans, however, are less…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Tz-Ying Wu , Pedro Morgado , Pei Wang , Chih-Hui Ho , Nuno Vasconcelos

Deep neural networks frequently suffer from performance degradation when the training data is long-tailed because several majority classes dominate the training, resulting in a biased model. Recent studies have made a great effort in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Mengke Li , Yiu-ming Cheung , Juyong Jiang