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The open-source RISC-V ISA is gaining traction, both in industry and academia. The ISA is designed to scale from micro-controllers to server-class processors. Furthermore, openness promotes the availability of various open-source and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Florian Zaruba , Luca Benini

A deep Transformer model with good evaluation score does not mean each subnetwork (a.k.a transformer block) learns reasonable representation. Diagnosing abnormal representation and avoiding it can contribute to achieving a better evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Liu Chen , Meysam Asgari

This paper introduces a novel 32-bit microprocessor, based on the RISC-V instruction set architecture, is designed,utilising a dynamic clock source to achieve high efficiency, overcoming the limitations of hardware delays. In addition, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Keyu Chen , Xuyi Hu , Robert Killey

Neural networks are increasingly used in real-time systems, such as automated driving applications. This requires high-performance hardware with predictable timing behavior. State-of-the-art real-time hardware is limited in memory and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Maximilian Kirschner , Konstantin Dudzik , Jürgen Becker

Security in modern RISC-V processors demands more than functional correctness: It requires resilience to side-channel attacks. This paper evaluates the vulnerability of the side channel of the CVA6 RISC-V core by analyzing software-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Behnam Farnaghinejad , Antonio Porsia , Annachiara Ruospo , Alessandro Savino , Stefano Di Carlo , Ernesto Sanchez

RISC-V is an extendable Instruction Set Architecture, growing in popularity for embedded systems. However, optimizing it to specific requirements, imposes a great deal of manual effort. To bridge the gap between software and ISA, the tool…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Andreas Hager-Clukas , Philipp van Kempen , Stefan Wallentowitz

This paper presents an automated approach for designing processors that support a subset of the RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA) for a new class of applications at Extreme Edge. The electronics used in extreme edge applications…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Alireza Raisiardali , Konstantinos Iordanou , Jedrzej Kufel , Kowshik Gudimetla , Kris Myny , Emre Ozer

RISC-V CPUs leverage the RVV (RISC-V Vector) extension to accelerate data-parallel workloads. In addition to arithmetic operations, RVV includes powerful permutation instructions that enable flexible element rearrangement within vector…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Vasileios Titopoulos , George Alexakis , Chrysostomos Nicopoulos , Giorgos Dimitrakopoulos

The ability to collect statistics about the execution of a program within a CPU is of the utmost importance across all fields of computing since it allows characterizing the timing performance of a program. This capability is even more…

This tutorial-style overview article examines the fundamental principles and methods of robustness, using wireless sensing and communication (WSC) as the narrative and exemplifying framework. First, we formalize the conceptual and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-11 Shixiong Wang , Wei Dai , Li-Chun Wang , Geoffrey Ye Li

RISC-V is gaining popularity for its adaptability and cost-effectiveness in processor design. With the increasing adoption of RISC-V, the importance of implementing robust security verification has grown significantly. In the state of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Sharjeel Imtiaz , Uljana Reinsalu , Tara Ghasempouri

The importance of embedded systems in driving innovation in automotive applications continues to grow. Understanding the specific needs of developers targeting this market is also helping to drive innovation in RISC core design. This paper…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Wayne Lyons

Considering the high-performance and low-power requirements of edge AI, this study designs a specialized instruction set processor for edge AI based on the RISC-V instruction set architecture, addressing practical issues in digital signal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Xu-Hao Chen , Si-Peng Hu , Hong-Chao Liu , Bo-Ran Liu , Dan Tang , Di Zhao

The limited energy available in most embedded systems poses a significant challenge in enhancing the performance of embedded processors and microcontrollers. One promising approach to address this challenge is the use of approximate…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Arvin Delavari , Faraz Ghoreishy , Hadi Shahriar Shahhoseini , Sattar Mirzakuchaki

Residue Number Systems (RNS) are parallel number systems that allow the computation on large numbers. They are used in high performance digital signal processing devices and cryptographic applications. However, the rigidity of instruction…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Laurent-Stéphane Didier , Jean-Marc Robert

Open-source RISC-V cores are increasingly adopted in high-end embedded domains such as automotive, where maximizing instructions per cycle (IPC) is becoming critical. Building on the industry-supported open-source CVA6 core and its…

SmartNICs are increasingly deployed in datacenters to offload tasks from server CPUs, improving the efficiency and flexibility of datacenter security, networking and storage. Optimizing cloud server efficiency in this way is critically…

The RISC-V Vector Extension~(RVV) is a cornerstone for supporting compute throughout in scientific and machine learning workloads. Yet compiler support and performance monitoring on real RVV~1.0 hardware are still evolving. In this work, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Ruimin Shi , Maya Gokhale , Pei-Hung Lin , Xavier Teruel , Ivy Peng

Leveraging vectorisation, the ability for a CPU to apply operations to multiple elements of data concurrently, is critical for high performance workloads. However, at the time of writing, commercially available physical RISC-V hardware that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Joseph K. L. Lee , Maurice Jamieson , Nick Brown

Architectural simulators hold a vital role in RISC-V research, providing a crucial platform for workload evaluation without the need for costly physical prototypes. They serve as a dynamic environment for exploring innovative architectural…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Debjyoti Bhattacharjee , Anmol , Tommaso Marinelli , Karan Pathak , Peter Kourzanov