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Offline evaluation plays a central role in benchmarking recommender systems when online testing is impractical or risky. However, it is susceptible to two key sources of bias: exposure bias, where users only interact with items they are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Bruno L. Pereira , Alan Said , Rodrygo L. T. Santos

Context: The success of Stack Overflow and other community-based question-and-answer (Q&A) sites depends mainly on the will of their members to answer others' questions. In fact, when formulating requests on Q&A sites, we are not simply…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Fabio Calefato , Filippo Lanubile , Nicole Novielli

Interpretation of topics is crucial for their downstream applications. State-of-the-art evaluation measures of topic quality such as coherence and word intrusion do not measure how much a topic facilitates the exploration of a corpus. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Swapnil Hingmire , Ze Shi Li , Shiyu , Zeng , Ahmed Musa Awon , Luiz Franciscatto Guerra , Neil Ernst

Large Language Models (LLMs) not only have solved complex reasoning problems but also exhibit remarkable performance in tasks that require subjective decision making. Existing studies suggest that LLM generations can be subjectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Younghun Lee , Dan Goldwasser

StackOverflow has become an emerging resource for talent recognition in recent years. While users exploit technical language on StackOverflow, recruiters try to find the relevant candidates for jobs using their own terminology. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Arash Dargahi Nobari , Mahmood Neshati , Sajad Sotudeh Gharebagh

Automatic grading of subjective questions remains a significant challenge in examination assessment due to the diversity in question formats and the open-ended nature of student responses. Existing works primarily focus on a specific type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fanwei Zhua , Jiaxuan He , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zulong Chen , Quan Lu , Chenrui Mei

We explore the dynamics of user performance in collaborative knowledge production by studying the quality of answers to questions posted on Stack Exchange. We propose four indicators of answer quality: answer length, the number of code…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Emilio Ferrara , Nazanin Alipourfard , Keith Burghardt , Chiranth Gopal , Kristina Lerman

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Suryaansh Jain , Umair Z. Ahmed , Shubham Sahai , Ben Leong

One goal of online social recommendation systems is to harness the wisdom of crowds in order to identify high quality content. Yet the sequential voting mechanisms that are commonly used by these systems are at odds with existing…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-03-16 L. Elisa Celis , Peter M. Krafft , Nathan Kobe

Subjective video quality assessment (VQA) is the gold standard for measuring end-user experience across communication, streaming, and UGC pipelines. Beyond high-validity lab studies, crowdsourcing offers accurate, reliable, faster, and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-25 Babak Naderi , Ross Cutler

Due to flourish of the Web 2.0, web opinion sources are rapidly emerging containing precious information useful for both customers and manufactures. Recently, feature based opinion mining techniques are gaining momentum in which customer…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-04-27 Ahmad Kamal

Images are increasingly being shared by software developers in diverse channels including question-and-answer forums like Stack Overflow. Although prior work has pointed out that these images are meaningful and provide complementary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Dong Wang , Tao Xiao , Christoph Treude , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Hideaki Hata , Yasutaka Kamei

How do author perceptions match up to the outcomes of the peer-review process and perceptions of others? In a top-tier computer science conference (NeurIPS 2021) with more than 23,000 submitting authors and 9,000 submitted papers, we survey…

The popularity of online shopping is steadily increasing. At the same time, fake product reviewsare published widely and have the potential to affect consumer purchasing behavior. In response,previous work has developed automated methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Felix Soldner , Bennett Kleinberg , Shane Johnson

In the rapidly evolving landscape of developer communities, Q&A platforms serve as crucial resources for crowdsourcing developers' knowledge. A notable trend is the increasing use of images to convey complex queries more effectively.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Faiz Ahmed , Suprakash Datta , Maleknaz Nayebi

Technical Questions and Answers (Q&A) sites, such as Stack Overflow (SO), accumulate a significant variety of information related to software development in posts from users. To ensure the quality of this information, SO encourages its…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Musengamana Jean de Dieu , Peng Liang , Mojtaba Shahin , Arif Ali Khan

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches employed to resolve annotator disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However, annotators may systematically disagree with one another, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

Sentiment analysis (SA) is commonly applied to digital textual data, revealing insight into opinions and feelings. Many systematic reviews have summarized existing work, but often overlook discussions of validity and scientific practices.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Laura E. M. Ayravainen , Joanne Hinds , Brittany I. Davidson

Counterfactual explanations are a widely used approach in Explainable AI, offering actionable insights into decision-making by illustrating how small changes to input data can lead to different outcomes. Despite their importance, evaluating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Marharyta Domnich , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Julius Välja , Kadi Tulver , Raul Vicente

Context: Navigating the knowledge of Stack Overflow (SO) remains challenging. To make the posts vivid to users, SO allows users to write and edit posts with Markdown or HTML so that users can leverage various formatting styles (e.g., bold,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Shahla Shaan Ahmed , Shaowei Wang , Yuan Tian , Tse-Hsun , Chen , Haoxiang Zhang