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The Bloch sphere provides an elegant way of visualizing a qubit. Analogous representation of the simplest composite state of two-qubits has attracted significant attention. Here we present a detailed mathematical analysis of the real-matrix…

Systematic description of a spin one-half system endowed with magnetic moment or any other two-level system (qubit) interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field is developed. This description exploits a close analogy between a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Iwo Bialynicki-Birula , Tomasz Sowinski

Quantum information science is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field that is attracting the attention of academics and industry experts alike. It requires talent from a wide variety of traditional fields, including physics, engineering,…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-03-05 Peter Hu , Yangqiuting Li , Roger S. K. Mong , Chandralekha Singh

Existing graphical user interfaces for circuit simulators often show small visual summaries of the reduced state of each qubit, showing the probability, phase, purity, and/or Bloch sphere coordinates associated with each qubit. These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Michael J. McGuffin , Jean-Marc Robert

A method to establish a qubit decomposition of a general qudit state is presented. This new representation allows a geometrical depiction of any qudit state in the Bloch sphere. Additionally, we show that the nonnegativity conditions of the…

We proposed the procedure of measuring the unknown state of the three-level system - the qutrit, which was realized as the arbitrary polarization state of the single-mode biphoton field. This procedure is accomplished for the set of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 A. V. Burlakov , L. A. Krivitskiy , S. P. Kulik , G. A. Maslennikov , M. V. Chekhova

Traditionally, the characterization of quantum resources has focused on individual quantum states. Recent literature, however, has increasingly explored the characterization of resources in multi-states (ordered collections of states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Mao-Sheng Li , Rafael Wagner , Lin Zhang

The cascade, lambda and vee type of three-level systems are shown to be described by three different Hamiltonians in the SU(3) basis. We investigate the Bloch space structure of each configuration by solving the corresponding Bloch equation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-28 Surajit Sen , Mihir Ranjan Nath , Tushar Kanti Dey , Gautam Gangopadhyay

Physical constraints such as positivity endow the set of quantum states with a rich geometry if the system dimension is greater than two. To shed some light on the complicated structure of the set of quantum states, we consider a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. G. Schirmer , T. Zhang , J. V. Leahy

We introduce a trichromatic graphical calculus for quantum computing. The generators represent three complementary observables that are treated on equal footing, hence reflecting the symmetries of the Bloch sphere. We derive the Euler angle…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2012-10-03 Alex Lang , Bob Coecke

We study in detail the dynamics of unstable two-level quantum systems by adopting the Bloch-sphere formalism of qubits. By employing the Bloch-vector representation for such unstable qubit systems, we identify a novel class of critical…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-03-05 Dimitrios Karamitros , Thomas McKelvey , Apostolos Pilaftsis

We classify the Markov chains that can be generated on the set of quantum states by a unitarily evolving 3-dim quantum system (qutrit) that is repeatedly measured with a projective measurement (PVM) consisting of one rank-2 projection and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-07 Anna Szczepanek

In quantum physics (QP) education, the use of representations such as diagrams and visual aids that connect to mathematical concepts is crucial. Research in representation theory indicates that combining symbolic-mathematical elements (e.g.…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-04 Linda Qerimi , Sarah Malone , Eva Rexigel , Sascha Mehlhase , Jochen Kuhn , Stefan Küchemann

We obtain the optimal scheme for estimating unknown qubit mixed states when an arbitrary number N of identically prepared copies is available. We discuss the case of states in the whole Bloch sphere as well as the restricted situation where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 E. Bagan , M. A. Ballester , R. D. Gill , A. Monras , R. Munoz-Tapia

The novel experimental realization of three-state optical quantum systems is presented. We use the polarization state of biphotons,propagating in single frequency- and spatial mode, to generate an arbitrary qutrits. In particular the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Yu. I. Bogdanov , M. V. Chekhova , S. P. Kulik , G. A. Maslennikov , C. H. Oh , M. K. Tey

In the present article, we consistently develop the main issues of the Bloch vectors formalism for an arbitrary finite-dimensional quantum system. In the frame of this formalism, qudit states and their evolution in time, qudit observables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-30 Elena R. Loubenets , Maxim S. Kulakov

Bell state measurements, in which two quantum bits are projected onto a maximally entangled state, are an essential component of quantum information science. We propose and experimentally demonstrate the projection of two quantum systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-31 A. Halevy , E. Megidish , T. Shacham , L. Dovrat , H. S. Eisenberg

The spinor representation of spin-1/2 states can equally well be mapped to a single unit quaternion, yielding a new perspective despite the equivalent mathematics. This paper first demonstrates a useable map that allows Bloch-sphere…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 K. B. Wharton , D. Koch

A dynamical quantum phase transition can occur during time evolution of sudden quenched quantum systems across a phase transition. It corresponds to the nonanalytic behavior at a critical time of the rate function of the quantum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-14 Xue-Yi Guo , Chao Yang , Yu Zeng , Yi Peng , He-Kang Li , Hui Deng , Yi-Rong Jin , Shu Chen , Dongning Zheng , Heng Fan

We undertake experimental detection of the entanglement present in arbitrary three-qubit pure quantum states on an NMR quantum information processor. Measurements of only four observables suffice to experimentally differentiate between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-06 Amandeep Singh , Harpreet Singh , Kavita Dorai , Arvind