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In quantum mechanics, geometry has been demonstrated as a useful tool for inferring non-classical behaviors and exotic properties of quantum systems. One standard approach to illustrate the geometry of quantum systems is to project the…

We express the matrix elements of the density matrix of the qutrit state in terms of probabilities associated with artificial qubit states. We show that the quantum statistics of qubit states and observables is formally equivalent to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-16 Vladimir N. Chernega , Olga V. Man'ko , Vladimir I. Man'ko

Virtual Lab by Quantum Flytrap explores novel ways to represent quantum phenomena interactively and intuitively. It is a no-code online laboratory with a real-time simulation of an optical table, supporting up to three entangled photons.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-24 Piotr Migdał , Klementyna Jankiewicz , Paweł Grabarz , Chiara Decaroli , Philippe Cochin

The QuVis Quantum Mechanics Visualization project aims to address challenges of quantum mechanics instruction through the development of interactive simulations for the learning and teaching of quantum mechanics. In this article, we…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-06-11 Antje Kohnle , Charles Baily , Anna Campbell , Natalia Korolkova , Mark J. Paetkau

Quantum mechanics is a notoriously abstract subject, and therefore challenging to teach at pre-college and introductory college levels. Here we introduce the Bloch Cube, a hands-on educational tool which can illustrate key quantum concepts…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-12-05 Jeremy Levy , Chandralekha Singh

We have given a novel formulation of the exact solutions for the lambda, vee and cascade three-level systems where the Hamiltonian of each configuration is expressed in the SU(3) basis. The solutions are discussed from the perspective of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-27 Surajit Sen , Mihir Ranjan Nath , Tushar Kanti Dey , Gautam Gangopadhyay

The Bloch sphere is a familiar and useful geometrical picture of the dynamics of a single spin or two-level system's quantum evolution. The analogous geometrical picture for three-level systems is presented, with several applications. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-28 Sai Vinjanampathy , A. R. P. Rau

A generalized Bloch sphere, in which the states of a quantum entity of arbitrary dimension are geometrically represented, is investigated and further extended, to also incorporate the measurements. This extended representation constitutes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-16 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

Visual-graphical qubit representations offer a means to introduce abstract quantum concepts - such as quantum state, superposition, or measurement - in an accessible manner, particularly for learners with low prior knowledge. Building on a…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-07-30 Linda Qerimi , Sarah Malone , Eva Rexigel , Jochen Kuhn , Stefan Küchemann

We consider the kinematics of bi-partite quantum states as determined by observable quantities, in particular the Bloch vectors of the subsystems. In examining the simplest case of a pair of two-level systems, there is a remarkable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-29 Daniel F. V. James

Physical quantum systems are commonly composed of more than two levels and offer the capacity to encode information in higher-dimensional spaces beyond the qubit, starting with the three-level qutrit. Here, we encode neutral-atom qutrits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-01 Joseph Lindon , Arina Tashchilina , Logan W. Cooke , Lindsay J. LeBlanc

Visualizations have played a crucial role in helping quantum computing users explore quantum states in various quantum computing applications. Among them, Bloch Sphere is the widely-used visualization for showing quantum states, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-25 Shaolun Ruan , Ribo Yuan , Qiang Guan , Yanna Lin , Ying Mao , Weiwen Jiang , Zhepeng Wang , Wei Xu , Yong Wang

The novel experimental realization of three-level optical quantum systems is presented. We use the polarization state of biphotons to generate a specific sequence of states that are used in the extended version of BB84 protocol. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Yu. Bogdanov , M. Chekhova , S. Kulik , G. Maslennikov , C. H. Oh , M. K. Tey , A. Zhukov

Quantum Image Processing is a recent highlight in the quantum computing field. All previous methods for representing the images as quantum states were defined using qubits. One Quantum Image Representation (QIR) method using qutrits is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-01 Ankit Khandelwal , M Girish Chandra

We represent a two-qubit density matrix in the basis of Pauli matrix tensor products, with the coefficients constituting a Bloch matrix, analogous to the single qubit Bloch vector. We find the quantum state positivity requirements on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-27 Omar Gamel

Bloch-vector spaces for $N$-level systems are investigated from the spherical-coordinate point of view in order to understand their geometrical aspects. We show that the maximum radius in each direction, which is due to the construction of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gen Kimura , Andrzej Kossakowski

In the rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field of quantum information science and technology, a major obstacle is the need to understand advanced mathematics to solve complex problems. Current findings in educational research suggest that…

Quantum ptychography is a method for estimating an unknown pure quantum state by subjecting it to overlapping projections, each one followed by a projective measurement on a single prescribed basis. Here, we present a comprehensive study of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Warley M. S. Alves , Leonardo Neves

The properties of the geometric phases between three quantum states are investigated in a high-dimensional Hilbert space using the Majorana representation of symmetric quantum states. We found that the geometric phases between the three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-18 Shuhei Tamate , Kazuhisa Ogawa , Masao Kitano

Identifying quantum phases and phase transitions is key to understand complex phenomena in statistical physics. In this work, we propose an unconventional strategy to access quantum phases and phase transitions by visualization based on the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2021-04-13 Yuan Yang , Zheng-Zhi Sun , Shi-Ju Ran , Gang Su