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The k-means method is one of the most widely used clustering algorithms, drawing its popularity from its speed in practice. Recently, however, it was shown to have exponential worst-case running time. In order to close the gap between…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-08-07 David Arthur , Bodo Manthey , Heiko Röglin

We present a $k$-means-based clustering algorithm, which optimizes the mean square error, for given cluster sizes. A straightforward application is balanced clustering, where the sizes of each cluster are equal. In the $k$-means assignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Mikko I. Malinen , Pasi Fränti

$k$-means clustering is a well-studied problem due to its wide applicability. Unfortunately, there exist strong theoretical limits on the performance of any algorithm for the $k$-means problem on worst-case inputs. To overcome this barrier,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Jon C. Ergun , Zhili Feng , Sandeep Silwal , David P. Woodruff , Samson Zhou

This paper discusses the topic of dimensionality reduction for $k$-means clustering. We prove that any set of $n$ points in $d$ dimensions (rows in a matrix $A \in \RR^{n \times d}$) can be projected into $t = \Omega(k / \eps^2)$…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-05-05 Christos Boutsidis , Anastasios Zouzias , Petros Drineas

We consider the problem of approximate $K$-means clustering with outliers and side information provided by same-cluster queries and possibly noisy answers. Our solution shows that, under some mild assumptions on the smallest cluster size,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-13 I Chien , Chao Pan , Olgica Milenkovic

This paper investigates the following natural greedy procedure for clustering in the bi-criterion setting: iteratively grow a set of centers, in each round adding the center from a candidate set that maximally decreases clustering cost. In…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-07-22 Daniel Hsu , Matus Telgarsky

For very large values of $k$, we consider methods for fast $k$-means clustering of massive datasets with $10^7\sim10^9$ points in high-dimensions ($d\geq100$). All current practical methods for this problem have runtimes at least…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jack Spalding-Jamieson , Eliot Wong Robson , Da Wei Zheng

Recently, due to an increasing interest for transparency in artificial intelligence, several methods of explainable machine learning have been developed with the simultaneous goal of accuracy and interpretability by humans. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Hossein Esfandiari , Vahab Mirrokni , Shyam Narayanan

The metric $k$-median problem is a textbook clustering problem. As input, we are given a metric space $V$ of size $n$ and an integer $k$, and our task is to find a subset $S \subseteq V$ of at most $k$ `centers' that minimizes the total…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Martín Costa , Ermiya Farokhnejad

The classical $k$-means algorithm for partitioning $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $k$ clusters is one of the most popular and widely spread clustering methods. The need to respect prescribed lower bounds on the cluster sizes has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-04 Steffen Borgwardt , Andreas Brieden , Peter Gritzmann

This paper presents a practical global optimization algorithm for the K-center clustering problem, which aims to select K samples as the cluster centers to minimize the maximum within-cluster distance. This algorithm is based on a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-04 Jiayang Ren , Ningning You , Kaixun Hua , Chaojie Ji , Yankai Cao

In metric $k$-clustering, we are given as input a set of $n$ points in a general metric space, and we have to pick $k$ centers and cluster the input points around these chosen centers, so as to minimize an appropriate objective function. In…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Sayan Bhattacharya , Martín Costa , Ermiya Farokhnejad

We give a quantum approximation scheme (i.e., $(1 + \varepsilon)$-approximation for every $\varepsilon > 0$) for the classical $k$-means clustering problem in the QRAM model with a running time that has only polylogarithmic dependence on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Ragesh Jaiswal

Clustering is a widely used and powerful machine learning technique, but its effectiveness is often limited by the need to specify the number of clusters, k, or by relying on thresholds that implicitly determine k. We introduce k*-means, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Louis Mahon , Mirella Lapata

We consider the Euclidean $k$-means clustering problem in a dynamic setting, where we have to explicitly maintain a solution (a set of $k$ centers) $S \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ subject to point insertions/deletions in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Sayan Bhattacharya , Martín Costa , Ermiya Farokhnejad , Shaofeng H. -C. Jiang , Yaonan Jin , Jianing Lou

K-means -- and the celebrated Lloyd algorithm -- is more than the clustering method it was originally designed to be. It has indeed proven pivotal to help increase the speed of many machine learning and data analysis techniques such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Luc Giffon , Valentin Emiya , Liva Ralaivola , Hachem Kadri

In this paper we initiate a systematic study of exact algorithms for well-known clustering problems, namely $k$-Median and $k$-Means. In $k$-Median, the input consists of a set $X$ of $n$ points belonging to a metric space, and the task is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Fedor V. Fomin , Petr A. Golovach , Tanmay Inamdar , Nidhi Purohit , Saket Saurabh

The purpose of this paper is to improve the traditional K-means algorithm. In the traditional K mean clustering algorithm, the initial clustering centers are generated randomly in the data set. It is easy to fall into the local minimum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Su Chang , Xu Zhenzong , Gao Xuan

$k$-means++ \cite{arthur2007k} is a widely used clustering algorithm that is easy to implement, has nice theoretical guarantees and strong empirical performance. Despite its wide adoption, $k$-means++ sometimes suffers from being slow on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Vincent Cohen-Addad , Silvio Lattanzi , Ashkan Norouzi-Fard , Christian Sohler , Ola Svensson

The $k$-means method is an iterative clustering algorithm which associates each observation with one of $k$ clusters. It traditionally employs cluster centers in the same space as the observed data. By relaxing this requirement, it is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-04-06 Matthew Thorpe , Florian Theil , Adam M. Johansen , Neil Cade