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Attribution scores reflect how important the feature values in an input entity are for the output of a machine learning model. One of the most popular attribution scores is the SHAP score, which is an instantiation of the general Shapley…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Santiago Cifuentes , Leopoldo Bertossi , Nina Pardal , Sergio Abriola , Maria Vanina Martinez , Miguel Romero

Shapley values are one of the main tools used to explain predictions of tree ensemble models. The main alternative to Shapley values are Banzhaf values that have not been understood equally well. In this paper we make a step towards filling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Adam Karczmarz , Anish Mukherjee , Piotr Sankowski , Piotr Wygocki

Understanding why a model makes a certain prediction can be as crucial as the prediction's accuracy in many applications. However, the highest accuracy for large modern datasets is often achieved by complex models that even experts struggle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Shapley values are ubiquitous in interpretable Machine Learning due to their strong theoretical background and efficient implementation in the SHAP library. Computing these values previously induced an exponential cost with respect to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Gabriel Laberge , Yann Pequignot

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is at the forefront of AI research. In XAI, feature attribution methods produce explanations in the form of feature importance. People often use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Jamie Duell , Monika Seisenberger , Gert Aarts , Shangming Zhou , Xiuyi Fan

In explainable machine learning, local post-hoc explanation algorithms and inherently interpretable models are often seen as competing approaches. This work offers a partial reconciliation between the two by establishing a correspondence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Sebastian Bordt , Ulrike von Luxburg

Deep neural networks have gained momentum based on their accuracy, but their interpretability is often criticised. As a result, they are labelled as black boxes. In response, several methods have been proposed in the literature to explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Cosimo Izzo , Aldo Lipani , Ramin Okhrati , Francesca Medda

Unsupervised anomaly detection is a challenging problem due to the diversity of data distributions and the lack of labels. Ensemble methods are often adopted to mitigate these challenges by combining multiple detectors, which can reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jordan Levy , Paul Saves , Moncef Garouani , Nicolas Verstaevel , Benoit Gaudou

Structural Causal Models (SCM) are a powerful framework for describing complicated dynamics across the natural sciences. A particularly elegant way of interpreting SCMs is do-Shapley, a game-theoretic method of quantifying the average…

Predictive Process Analytics is becoming an essential aid for organizations, providing online operational support of their processes. However, process stakeholders need to be provided with an explanation of the reasons why a given process…

Integrated gradients are widely employed to evaluate the contribution of input features in classification models because it satisfies the axioms for attribution of prediction. This method, however, requires an appropriate baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Kazuki Tachikawa , Yuji Kawai , Jihoon Park , Minoru Asada

Feature attribution methods based on game theory are ubiquitous in the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Recent works proposed rigorous feature attribution using logic-based explanations, specifically targeting high-stakes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Xuanxiang Huang , Olivier Létoffé , Joao Marques-Silva

As data becomes the fuel driving technological and economic growth, a fundamental challenge is how to quantify the value of data in algorithmic predictions and decisions. For example, in healthcare and consumer markets, it has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-11 Amirata Ghorbani , James Zou

Feature attributions are post-training analysis methods that assess how various input features of a machine learning model contribute to an output prediction. Their interpretation is straightforward when features act independently, but it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Kurt Butler , Guanchao Feng , Petar Djuric

The classifier chain is a widely used method for analyzing multi-labeled data sets. In this study, we introduce a generalization of the classifier chain: the classifier chain network. The classifier chain network enables joint estimation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-06 Daniel J. W. Touw , Michel van de Velden

To reduce the heavy computational burden of reactive power optimization of distribution networks, machine learning models are receiving increasing attention. However, most machine learning models (e.g., neural networks) are usually…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-08 Wenlong Liao , Benjamin Schäfer , Dalin Qin , Gonghao Zhang , Zhixian Wang , Zhe Yang

With the widespread use of sophisticated machine learning models in sensitive applications, understanding their decision-making has become an essential task. Models trained on tabular data have witnessed significant progress in explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Lahiri , Kamran Alipour , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi

Attribution scores indicate the importance of different input parts and can, thus, explain model behaviour. Currently, prompt-based models are gaining popularity, i.a., due to their easier adaptability in low-resource settings. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Wei Zhou , Heike Adel , Hendrik Schuff , Ngoc Thang Vu

Data valuation has garnered increasing attention in recent years, given the critical role of high-quality data in various applications. Among diverse data valuation approaches, Shapley value-based methods are predominant due to their strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Xiaoling Zhou , Ou Wu , Michael K. Ng , Hao Jiang

Data valuation has found various applications in machine learning, such as data filtering, efficient learning and incentives for data sharing. The most popular current approach to data valuation is the Shapley value. While popular for its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Lauren Watson , Zeno Kujawa , Rayna Andreeva , Hao-Tsung Yang , Tariq Elahi , Rik Sarkar