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We show the existence of a deep neural network capable of approximating a wide class of high-dimensional approximations. The construction of the proposed neural network is based on a quasi-optimal polynomial approximation. We show that this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Joseph Daws , Clayton Webster

In this article we identify a general class of high-dimensional continuous functions that can be approximated by deep neural networks (DNNs) with the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation without the curse of dimensionality. In other…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-04-13 Adrian Riekert

Accurately modeling quantum dissipative dynamics remains challenging due to environmental complexity and non-Markovian memory effects. Although machine learning provides a promising alternative to conventional simulation techniques, most…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Muhammad Atif , Arif Ullah , Ming Yang

We study the expressivity of deep neural networks. Measuring a network's complexity by its number of connections or by its number of neurons, we consider the class of functions for which the error of best approximation with networks of a…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-07-20 Rémi Gribonval , Gitta Kutyniok , Morten Nielsen , Felix Voigtlaender

The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we show the potential interest of Complex-Valued Neural Network (CVNN) on classification tasks for complex-valued datasets. To highlight this assertion, we investigate an example of…

This paper develops fundamental limits of deep neural network learning by characterizing what is possible if no constraints are imposed on the learning algorithm and on the amount of training data. Concretely, we consider Kolmogorov-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Dennis Elbrächter , Dmytro Perekrestenko , Philipp Grohs , Helmut Bölcskei

Complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) have been widely applied to various fields, especially signal processing and image recognition. However, few works focus on the generalization of CVNNs, albeit it is vital to ensure the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Haowen Chen , Fengxiang He , Shiye Lei , Dacheng Tao

Smooth activation functions are ubiquitous in modern deep learning, yet their theoretical advantages over non-smooth counterparts remain poorly understood. In this work, we study both approximation and statistical properties of neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-03 Yuhao Liu , Zilin Wang , Lei Wu , Shaobo Zhang

The purpose of this article is to develop a machinery to study the capacity of deep neural networks (DNNs) to approximate high-dimensional functions. In particular, we show that DNNs have the expressive power to overcome the curse of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Patrick Cheridito , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen , Benno Kuckuck

This paper establishes the nearly optimal rate of approximation for deep neural networks (DNNs) when applied to Korobov functions, effectively overcoming the curse of dimensionality. The approximation results presented in this paper are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-09 Yahong Yang , Yulong Lu

Neural networks with ReLU activation function have been shown to be universal function approximators and learn function mapping as non-smooth functions. Recently, there is considerable interest in the use of neural networks in applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Parameswaran Sankaranarayanan , Raghunathan Rengaswamy

Overparameterized neural networks enjoy great representation power on complex data, and more importantly yield sufficiently smooth output, which is crucial to their generalization and robustness. Most existing function approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Hao Liu , Minshuo Chen , Siawpeng Er , Wenjing Liao , Tong Zhang , Tuo Zhao

This work explains in detail the theory behind Complex-Valued Neural Network (CVNN), including Wirtinger calculus, complex backpropagation, and basic modules such as complex layers, complex activation functions, or complex weight…

Utilizing complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) in wireless communication tasks has received growing attention for their ability to provide natural and effective representation of complex-valued signals and data. However, existing studies…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Yang Leng , Qingfeng Lin , Long-Yin Yung , Jingreng Lei , Yang Li , Yik-Chung Wu

This paper addresses the problem of nearly optimal Vapnik--Chervonenkis dimension (VC-dimension) and pseudo-dimension estimations of the derivative functions of deep neural networks (DNNs). Two important applications of these estimations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Yahong Yang , Haizhao Yang , Yang Xiang

This paper investigates the approximation properties of deep neural networks with piecewise-polynomial activation functions. We derive the required depth, width, and sparsity of a deep neural network to approximate any H\"{o}lder smooth…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Denis Belomestny , Alexey Naumov , Nikita Puchkin , Sergey Samsonov

We investigate properties of neural networks that use both ReLU and $x^2$ as activation functions and build upon previous results to show that both analytic functions and functions in Sobolev spaces can be approximated by such networks of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Vincent P. H. Goverse , Jad Hamdan , Jared Tanner

We generalize the classical universal approximation theorem for neural networks to the case of complex-valued neural networks. Precisely, we consider feedforward networks with a complex activation function $\sigma : \mathbb{C} \to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Felix Voigtlaender

We prove some new results concerning the approximation rate of neural networks with general activation functions. Our first result concerns the rate of approximation of a two layer neural network with a polynomially-decaying non-sigmoidal…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2021-01-05 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer